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IELTS Essentials @IELTSUzNav

But we are told that Lipo doesn’t agree with this 38 A: ‘Wilson says there is evidence that such
idea; B Although we are told that Easter Island was cooperative ventures matter more [= are more
deforested and the human population collapsed important] today than ever because we are
[= environmental challenges], there is no dependent on [= rely on] a wider range of people
comparison between remote communities like than our ancestors were. Food, education, security
those on Easter Island and societies in other areas; [= our basic needs]: all are provided by people
D Lipo believes that people ‘walked’ the statues into beyond our family group.’
place by using ropes and manpower. This is only 39 F: ‘“This [= building parks together] brought
one method. people together and enabled them to cooperate
35 D: The writer says ‘The apparent disposability of in numerous other contexts,” he explains. This
these monuments [= the way these monuments included helping with repairs after a series of floods
seem to have been built just to last for a short time] [= emergency situations] in 2011.’
makes sense if the main aim was building a team 40 E: ‘Her [= Fiske’s] research shows, for example, that
rather than a lasting [= permanent] structure.’ they [= community projects] can help break down
Distraction A We are told that ‘the workers filled [= change/destroy] the ill-informed views that
in the enclosures with broken rock and built new people hold towards others they have observed
ones’ but the writer does not say this occurred as a but do not usually interact with [= negative
result of disagreement. Instead the writer suggests stereotypes/impressions].’
this took place because people enjoyed working
together, and did not want their cooperative WRiTing TASk 1
construction work to come to an end; B: We are only Sample answer
told that ‘many bones’ were found in the enclosures The diagram shows that there are two major phases to
– probably because the workers at Göbekli Tepe had the commercial production of honey: by bees and by
eaten meat during a feast. We aren’t told whether human intervention. The process starts when nectar is
any animal species really declined in number; C gathered by forager bees from flowers. This is carried
The writer refers to Göbekli Tepe as a temple and back to the hive, where it is deposited in wax cells
explains that this temple was made up of nine as honey, which at this stage is very runny. Worker
enclosures. There is no information about the bees then fan their wings to dry it, thereby making it
enclosures being used for different functions, only thicker. Each cell is then sealed with wax to keep the
that they were destroyed and rebuilt. substance clean; the cells form the honeycombs, which
36 C: ‘The sceptics [= the people who doubt Lipo’s are gathered and taken to the factory. There they are
theory] include Tristram Kidder. For him, the pressed to release the honey, which is poured into the
interesting question is not “Did cooperative building top container of three, the sump tank, where it is heated
promote group survival” [= Lipo’s theory, and in to 45–50°C. This makes it thin enough to flow by gravity
Kidder’s opinion, a possible consequence of the to the next tank, where it is sieved to remove impurities.
building work] but what did the builders think they It then runs down to the last container, the settling tank,
were doing? [= what was their intention?].’ where it sits for two to four days before being drained
Distraction A Kidder disagrees with Lipo’s theory, as out into jars. The jars are then labelled and transported
do a number of other researchers; B We are told that to the place of sale.
in Kidder’s opinion, the Poverty Point monument WRiTing TASk 2
was built as a pilgrimage site – a place where
people came to worship. There is no information Sample answer
about whether this was his original opinion or not; In my country these days many young people hardly ever
D Kidder seems to have the opposite opinion: ‘All leave their homes, preferring to sit in front of a screen
human behaviour comes down to a pursuit of food instead of being in the open air. This was not the case
and self-preservation, he says.’ even as recently as 15 years ago, when I was a teenager.
37 D: ‘Another is “leaving no trace” [= no evidence in There are a number of possible reasons for the change.
the desert], meaning that whatever festival-goers Firstly, youngsters are under more pressure to study
create [= human activities] they destroy before hard to ensure that they get the qualifications they need
departing.’
to secure employment. This means that they have less
time for the outdoor leisure pursuits which were once