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Spelling rules

• Verbs ending in e add d
cycle ➝ cycled love ➝ loved
• One-syllable verbs ending vowel + consonant: double the final consonant
stop ➝ stopped

• Two-syllable verbs ending stressed vowel + consonant: double the final consonant
prefer ➝ preferred
• Verbs ending in consonant + y change the y into i and add ed
study ➝ studied

• Verbs ending in vowel + y
play ➝ played

NB: One-syllable verbs ending vowel + consonant, ending in w and x - do not double the consonant.

The Past simple of irregular verbs Unit 2

become became fi nd found leave left sleep slept
begin began fl y fl ew lose lost speak spoke
break broke forget forgot make made stand stood
build built get got meet met steal stole
buy bought get up got up put put take off took off
come came give gave read read take took
cut cut go went ring rang teach taught
dig dug have had run ran tell told
do did hear heard say said think thought
drive drove hit hit see saw wake woke
fall fell hold held sing sang win won
fi ght fought know knew sit sat write wrote

The Past simple is used for an action that occurred in a past period of time and is now finished.
She played football last week. / She went to see her mother last week.
Or to express an action habitually repeated in the past:
Every Monday, I studied with my teacher. / Every Monday, I took the train to Milan.
Also for narratives: He cycled to work / He got up at 8 am.

Question words Where? How? What? When? Why? Who? How long? Unit 3

Where? (for places) How? (for people, things and events) What? (for things) When? (for time)
Who? (for people) How long? (for a period of time)
Why? is usually answered by because:
Why is your friend here? Because he wants to speak to me.

GRAMMAR REVIEW 89