Page 442 - Deep Learning

Notes to Pages 153–166 425

45. Larson (2010).
46. Larson (1997, 1998, 2010), Larson, Christensen, Franz and Abbott (1998) and
Larson, Foster-Fishman and Keys (1994).
47. Smith and Alexander (1999).
48. Watson and Crick (1953).
49. Pierce and Writer (2005).
50. Oldby (1974/1994) and Watson (1968/1980).
51. See, e.g., Hull’s (1990) case study of evolutionary biology. The idea that science
makes progress, in part, because scientists critique each other’s theories is one of
Hull’s central themes. This principle is supported by empirical studies of scien-
tists (Dunbar, 1995, 1997).
52. Planck (1949, pp. 33–34).
53. Kunej and Turk (2000), McDermott and Hauser (2005) and Walker (2004).
There are regularities in music cognition; see, e.g., Orr and Ohlsson (2001,
2005).
54. The numbers are taken from U.S. Census Bureau occupation data from the year
2000 census. I have taken the liberty of assuming that the numbers have not
decreased since 2000. In the category “physicists” I include the Census categories
“astronomers,” “atmospheric and space scientists” and “other physical scientists.”
55. Pacey (1992) and Usher (1929/1954).
56. Rosenberg (1982, p. 8).
57. Baggott (2004) and Einstein and Infeld (1938).
58. See, e.g., Bernstein (2004), Mokyr (1992, 1993) and Stearns (1998).
59. Goldfinch (2000).
60. Margolis (1987, 1993).
61. See The Extant Fragments, especially fragment 8(17), in Wright (1981/1995,
pp. 166–167). Aristotle, although frequently credited with the four-elements
theory, thought that the basic elements or principles were three in number; see
Physics (Physica), Book I, Chapters 6–7. Strathern (2000) writes: “… the notion of
four basic elements … was to prove one of the biggest blunders in human thought,
and its effects were to be a catastrophe for our intellectual development (p. 17).
62. Blanshard (1949) has analyzed the retreat from likeness in painting.
63. Although the Western literary and intellectual traditions continued to change
and evolve during the medieval period (Colish, 1997), it is also true that science
and technology in the a.d. 400 to a.d. 1400 period progressed at a snail’s pace
compared to the last 300 years (Pacey, 1992; Usher, 1929/1954).
64. Jansen (2000).
65. Joravsky (1986).
66. Goldfinch (2000).
67. Technological inventions acted as butterfly effects by having strong impact on the
outcome of the various battles of World War II. Such inventions include radar,
code-breaking techniques, direction finding, the Norden bombsight and, of
course, the atomic bomb (Shachtman, 2003).
68. Strathern (2000).
69. Aunger (2002), Blackmore (1999), Brodie (1996) and Lynch (1996).
70. Schick and Toth (1994).