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422 Notes to Pages 127–135

67. Posner (1973, p. 174).
68. Moss (2002) and Seifert et al. (1995).
69. Yaniv and Meyer (1987).
70. Langley and Jones (1988).
71. Bowden and Jung-Beeman (2003), Bowden, Jung-Beeman, Fleck and Kounios
(2005), Jung-Beeman et al. (2004) and Kounios et al. (2006).

Chapter 5. Creative Insight Writ Large

1. Koestler (1964, p. 225).
2. Erdoes (1988), Gies and Gies (1991) and Lacey and Danziger (1999) for descrip-
tions of everyday life in medieval Europe.
3. In philosophy, this is known as the problem of induction. See Note 44, Chapter 1,
for a brief discussion of this problem.
4. Although Galileo also worked on both astronomy and terrestrial mechanics, his-
torians of science designate Isaac Newton as the person who executed the synthe-
sis of the two fields (e.g., Butterfield, 1957, pp. 163–165; Koyré, 1950).
5. The General Gas Law says that the product of the pressure and volume of a gas
sample is proportional to the temperature of the sample, measured on the abso-
lute, or Kelvin, scale: PV = kT. The law is an approximation that only holds within
a certain range of values. The development of the law began with work of the
English 17th-century scientist Robert Boyle, who identified the inverse relation
between pressure and volume of a contained sample of air, PV = k, one of the three
pairwise relations that make up the general law (Shapin, 1998, pp. 96–100).
6. Because adaptive systems shape themselves to the environment in which they are
embedded, “only a few, gross characteristics” of the human cognitive architec-
ture “show through to task behavior” (Newell & Simon, 1972a, pp. 788–789); see
also Simon and Newell (1971, pp. 148–149). Newell and Simon included among
such characteristics the number and character of the memory systems, the read
and write times of those systems, the sequential character of central processing
and the situation-specific and goal-driven nature of processing (Newell & Simon,
1972a, pp. 791–792).
7. See Chapter 1, Notes 15 (self-organization) and 18 (self-similarity). Gleick (1987)
describes the initial creation of the concept of a butterfly effect (also known as
sensitive dependence on initial conditions). The term cascading causation is from
Corrigan-Halpern and Ohlsson (2002).
8. See Baldwin (2001) about the telephone, p. 72; about the lightbulb, Chapter 10;
and about the electrical battery, p. 282. Carlson and Gorman (1992) confirm the
application of search to the telephone: “… Edison … realized that he needed a
carbon compound that was very sensitive to physical force. Ideally, a small change
in the force on the carbon should produce a large change in the resistance, thus
amplifying the signal. The task now became one of finding a carbon compound
with this electrical property. … [Edison’s assistant] Batchelor tested hundreds of
carbon compounds and mixtures. …” (p. 70).
9. Wentorf (1992, p. 162). For another example of extensive search in the domain of
chemistry, see Morgan (1992).