Page 464 - Deep Learning

Notes to Pages 317–332 447

61. Kitcher (1993).
62. The quotes in this paragraph are from Kitcher (1993, pp. 109–111).
63. Nersessian (2008).
64. Toulmin (1972, p. 225, italics in original).
65. For the original descriptions of the ECHO model and the theory of explana-
tory coherence, see Eliasmith and Thagard (1997), Thagard (1992, especially
pp. 71–102) and Thagard and Verbeurgt (1998). The model has inspired empirical
research in educational and social psychology; see Ranney and Schank (1998)
and Read and Marcus-Newhall (1993).
66. See Gopnik and Wellman (1994), Gopnik and Meltzoff (1997) and Gopnik et al.
(2004) for statements of the theory-theory of children’s cognition.
67. Gopnik and Melzoff (1997, p. 3).
68. Gopnik and Melzoff (1997, p. 213).
69. Gopnik and Melzoff (1997, p. 39).
70. Gopnik and Melzoff (1997, p. 39).
71. Gopnik and Melzoff (1997, p. 39).
72. Gopnik and Melzoff (1997, p. 40).
73. Gopnik and Melzoff (1997, p. 40).
74. Chi (1992, 1997, 2005, 2008), Chi and Hausmann (2003), Chi and Roscoe (2002),
Chi, Slotta and de Leeuw (1994), Chi, Siler, Jeong and Hausmann (2001), Ferrari
and Chi (1998), Reiner, Slotta, Chi and Resnick (2000), Slotta and Chi (2006) and
Slotta, Chi and Joram (1995).
75. Keil (1979) was the first to notice this interesting feature of ontological
categories.
76. Chi and Brem (2009).
77. The science-inspired view was widespread in science education circles in the
1980s, but it was most clearly and explicitly codified in Hewson and Hewson
(1984), Posner, Strike, Hewson and Gertzog (1982) and Strike and Posner (1985).
78. Relevant studies include Chan, Burtis and Bereiter (1997), Dreyfus, Jungwirth and
Eliovitch (1990) and Jensen and Finley (1995). See Limón (2001) for a review.
79. Limón (2001, p. 364).
80. See Strike and Posner (1992) for “revisionist,” Smith, DiSessa and Roschelle (1995)
for “reconceive,” Dole and Sinatra (1998) for “reconceptualise,” Limón and Mason
(2002) for “reconsider,” Nersessian (2008) for “recast” and Vosniadou, Baltas and
Vamvakoussi (2007) for “reframe.”
81. Gopnik and Meltzoff (1997, pp. 20–21).

Chapter 10. Belief Revision: The Resubsumption Theory
1. Kuhn (1970, p. 77).
2. This misconception about rocketry was not fully laid to rest until the publica-
tion of Robert H. Goddard’s pioneering article, “A Method of Reaching Extreme
Altitudes” (Goddard, 1919).
3. See Bohner and Wänke (2002), Eagly and Chaiken (1993), Fishbein and Aizen
(1975) and Kiesler, Collins and Miller (1969).