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232 CHAPTER 6 • PRoCEss TECHnology sTRATEgy
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notes on the chapter
1 Sources include: West, K. (2011) Turn up the heat with Marmite, Sunday Times, 2 October;
Unilever’s sustainable living report (2012) http://www.unilever.co.uk/sustainable-living/
2 Sources include: The Economist (2016) ‘Artificial intelligence and Go’, 12 March; Koch, C.
(2016) ‘How the Computer Beat the Go Master’, Scientific American, 19 March.
3 Sources include: The Economist (2014) ‘The future of jobs: Previous technological innovation
has always delivered more long-run employment, not less. But things can change’, 18 January;
The Economist (2013) ‘Schumpeter–The age of smart machines’, 25 May; Finkelstein (2013)
‘Machines are becoming cheaper than labour’, The Times, 6 November; Groom, B. (2014)
‘ Automation and the threat to jobs’, Financial Times, 26 January; Benedikt Frey, C. and
Osborne, M.A. (2013) ‘The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisa-
tion?’, Oxford Martin School Working Paper, 17 September; Brynjolfsson, E. and McAfee, A.
(2014) ‘The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant
Technologies’, W. W. Norton & Company.
4 Brynjolfsson, E. (1994) ‘Technology’s true payoff’, Information Week, October.
5 This categorisation is described in McAffee, A. (2007) ‘Managing in the Information Age’,
Harvard Business School, Teaching note 5-608-011.
6 Teach, E. (2004) ‘Watch how you think’, CFO Magazine, January.
7 Sources include: The Economist (2016) ‘High tech meets low finance’, Buttonwood blog,
12 March; The Economist (2015) ‘The fintech revolution’, 9 May; Wilkins, C. (2016) ‘Fintech
and the Financial Ecosystem: Evolution or Revolution?’, Bank of Canada, Remarks issued
17 June.
8 Sources include: Nestlé’s Media Room (2014), ‘Flexible, fast and functional: Nestlé to adopt
modular factories’, http://www.nestle.com/media/, Posted 4 July.
9 Sources include: Deng, B. (2016) ‘Security robot runs over toddler at shopping centre’, The
Times, 15 July; Leader (2016) ‘They, Robots–Accelerating progress in robotics demands
advances in ethics and economics’, The Times, 1 January; Hall, A. (2015) ‘Factory robot grabs
worker and kills him’, The Times, 3 July.
10 This classification is based partly on: Jalonen, H. and Lehtonen, A. (2011) ‘Uncertainty in the
innovation process’, Proceedings of the European Conference on Innovation and Entrepre-
neurship, 15–16 September, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.

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