Page 191 - Transformasi Masyarakat Indonesia dan Historiografi Indonesia Modern

Djoko Suryo

Muslim kingdoms encountered many problems in establishing
and developing their state and political power physically and
ideologically. No different with the contemporary Indonesian
nation state, the problems of stability, prosperity, eminence and
sustainability of the kingdom are very prominent, considering
that crisis, conflicts, tensions, upheavals, turbulence, wars and
rebellions very often occurred and caused the instability, par-
tition and disintegration of the kingdom. One of the example
of this phenomena can be found in the partition of the eigh-
teenth century Java into two kingdoms, the Kasunanan Sura-
karta and the Sultanate of Yogyakarta in 1755 which is previ-
ously preceded by several crisis, conflicts, tensions and turbu-
lence within the kraton (palace) of the late Mataram kingdom. 10
Fifth, in the center of the Muslim kingdom arose several Mus-
lim thinkers, scholars (Ulama or Kyahi), and poets (Pujangga)
who took an important role in responding to the challenge faced
by their states and society as shown from their remarkable in-
tellectual works they left.
Some of the prominent Muslims thinkers above mentioned
can be pointed out here, for example, are Hamzah Fanzuri (d.
1527), Shams al Din al Sumatrani (d. 1630), Nur al Din al Raniri
(d. 1658), Abd al Rauf al Singkili (c. 1615 1693), Abd al Samad al
Palembani and Raja Ali Haji of Riau, those who represented the
Malay Muslim world. While, those who represented the Java-
nese Muslim world are Sunan Bonang, Ratu Pakubuwana (d,
1732), Raden Ngabehi Yasadipura 1 (1729 1803), Raden Ngabehi
Yasadipura 11, Ranggawarsita (1802 1873), Sultan Hamengku
Buwana 11, Muhammad al Nawawi al Jawi (1813-1897), and
Kyahi Haji Saleh Darat al Samarani.
In order to understand the position of the both groups of
Muslim intellectuals in their societies, it is necessary to look

10 M.C. Ricklefs. Jogjakarta under Sultan mangkubumi, 1749 – 1792: A
History of the Division of Java (London, etc.: Oxford University Press, 1974).

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