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Transformasi Masyarakat Indonesia...

the mutual agreement. They are also very concern with reli-
gious conviction which is relevance with the modern era. The
third is the accommodationist, those who highly respect to the
unity framework contributed by Islam, but they hold on to their
view that the social and economic interest should have received
prominent priority by the Muslim organization. Furthermore,
they emphasized on the necessity to appreciate the interests
which are justified by the secular groups and cooperate with
them on the basis of the mutual agreement. The fourth is the
cultural Islamic groups, those who concern to present a more
sympathetic and substantive of Islam by redemonstrated the
Islamic cultural strength under the upholding virtuous
religiousity for the followers and to reconsider the role of Is-
lam in the modern era. 4
It seems that the above categorization are suitably to ex-
plain the issues on the relationship between Islam and politics
or between Islam and democracy or modernization in Indone-
sia during the transformation period from the 1950s to the 1990s
or from the Old Older to the New Order period. The question
is whether these four classification of the Muslim intellectuals
appropriate in the previous period or not is very interesting to
be identified. Can we found the fundamentalist groups or the
reformist, as well as the accomadationist and cultural Islamic
groups in the sixteenth century Sultanate of Demak in Java or
in the sixteenth and seventeenth century Sultanate of Aceh?
Similarly, how can we identify these groups in the nineteenth
century and the early of twentieth century when Indonesia was
under the Dutch Colonial Rule? Accordingly, what kind of the
Muslim intellectuals emerged and played their role in the pre-
vious period and how they respond to the similar occurrences
are some important questions should be clarified. For this rea-
son, this paper will attempt to describe the emergence of the

4 Bachtiar Effendy, op.cit.pp. 21-47.

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