Page 767 - Environment: The Science Behind the Stories

evaporation, 138 Fifth Amendment, 188 new, 335
even-aged stands, 335, 335f Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC), 510 sustainable, 340–341
Everglades restoration, 110–111 fires. See also burning forest(s), 324–352, 326
evidence, 29–30 forestry management, 338–339, 342–343 acid deposition and, 492f
evolution, 65–91, 68. See also Darwin’s theory indoor air pollution, 493–494, 494f boreal, 117
of evolution by natural selection outdoor air pollution, 475f carbon storage, 328
biodiversity of Earth and, 67–78 first law of thermodynamics, 48 climate change and, 328, 339–340
evolutionary arms race, 97 “fiscal cliff,” 256 Costa Rica’s program for paying for services,
natural selection and, 68 fish 162–163
evolutionary arms race, 97 aquaculture, 269–270, 269f cross-sectional diagram of layers, 327f
e-waste (See also electronic waste), 642–643 Everglades population, 110 Earth’s land surface, 327f
leaching of heavy metals, 646, 646f populations, marine reserves and, 462–463, ecological complexity of, 327–328
minerals recycled from, 667, 667f 462f ecosystem services, 328
recycling, 642–643, 642f, 643f, 646–647 populations, zebra mussels’ effect on, montane spruce-fir, 118f
toxicity, 646–647 104–105, 104f, 105f pests, 339–340
existence value, 169f sustainable fishing, 460, 460f preserves, 366f
experiments, 29, 30f Fisher, Charles, 558 primary, 329–330, 329f
exponential growth, 84–85, 85f, 86f fisheries catch, total global, 455–456, 456f resources, 328–329
exposure, acute or chronic, 389 collapse of cod, 438–439 secondary, 330
external costs, 164, 183, 561 fishing temperate deciduous, 113
extinction, 76, 299 catch, total global, 459–460 types, 114–115, 326–327
amphibian, 77, 307–308 down food chain, 460 in U.S., 326f
background rate of, 77 industrialized, 456–457 Fort McMurray, Alberta 561
current rates, 301 marine ecosystem damage and, 460 Fort Worth, Texas, 356f
Hawaii’s native forest birds, 66–67 modern, fleets, 458–459 fossil fuel energy. See also energy
human impact on, 76–77 practices, 457–458, 457f college divestment from corporations, 682
mass extinction events, 299–301 reserves and, 462 consumption, 539, 539f
natural occurrence of, 299 sustainable, 461 emissions, 554–557
rate of, 77–78 Fissore, Cinzia, 249 nuclear energy vs., 575–576, 576t
rates, current, 77–78 Fleischer, Robert, 74 production, 572f
speciation and, 76–77 flood-and-furrow irrigation, 251f fossil fuel(s), 22, 537–566, 539
species and vulnerability to, 77 flooding, 418–420 air pollution, 481–482
extirpation, 299 floodplains, 411 alternative, 572–573
extreme weather events, 514–515. See also Florida bog frog, 77 coal, 546
global climate change Florida Everglades, restoration, 110–111, 317 consumers of, 547t
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 171f, 557 flux, 135 dependence on foreign energy and, 561–563
food depletion, 33, 547–550, 563f
biodiversity, 309–310 economic aspects of, 545
F biofuels and, 266 extracting, 33, 544–545
FACE. See Free-Air CO Enrichment sources, new, 309f formation, 542–544, 543f
2
factory farms. See feedlots sustainability, 679, 680f local people, impact on, 561
family planning, 221 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1998, 401 oil, 546–547
effectiveness, 221–224, 224f Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 257, oil sands, 537–538, 560
Farmer-Centered Agricultural Resource Manage- 267, 269 oil shale, 554
ment Program, 257 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 286, 378 producers of, 547t
farmers’ markets, 287, 287f food chain, 100 reliance on, 33, 563f
Farnelli, Rachel, 179f fishing down, 460 reserves, distribution of, 541t
faults, 52 toxic substances moving up, 391–392, 392f subsidies, 200f
FCCC. See U.N. Framework Convention on food security, 264 subsidies, reducing, 200
Climate Change food web, 100, 101f fossil record, 73, 76, 76f
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration forensic science, 316 fossils, 56, 73, 76, 76f
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), species protection, 316 Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC), 510
422 forest floor, 327f Fox, Josh, 180
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide forest fragmentation, 302f, 346f FRAC Act (Fracturing Responsibility and Aware-
Act of 1947 (FIFRA), 401 Amazon rainforest, 348f ness to Chemicals Act), 187
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 187 forest loss, 329–332. See also deforestation fracking. See hydraulic fracturing
fee-and-dividend, 531 forest management, 332–341 France, ecological footprint, 32f
feedback loop, 124–125 fire, 338–339 Francis, Jennifer, 515
feed-in-tariff system, 599 National Forest Management Act, 337 free riders, 183
feedlots, 268, 268f national forests inspired by “timber famine” Free-Air CO Enrichment (FACE), 142–143,
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pollution, 269 fears, 334 142f
Ferrel cells, 473 public and private lands, 334–335 Freed, Leonard, 83, 83f
fertility rates, 221f. See also Total Fertility Rates resource management and, 333 Fresh Kills Landfill, New York, 626f, 627–628
(TFR) roadless rule, 338 fresh water, 22f
affluence and, 225 timber harvesting methods, 335–336, 336f resources, 409f, 414f
fertilizers, 253–255. See also runoff Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 325–326 supply and demand, 423
inorganic, 254f paper certified by, 325 fresh water pollution, 426–434
no-till farming, 244 sustainable harvesting, 340, 340f, 340t biodegradable wastes, 427, 430
organic, 254f forestry, 332 constructed wetlands, 432, 434
overapplication, 253–254, 255f biomass fuels, 586f diseases, 426–427
I-8 targeting and monitoring nutrients, 254–255 climate change and, 339–340 end-of-pipe treatment/cleanup, 432

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