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in 1931), Pemuda Muhammadiyah establishment of IMM is in conjunction
(founded in 1932), and Ikatan Pelajar
Muhammadiyah (Muhammadiyah High
School Student Organization, IPM)
that was established in 1961, and in
2008 it named itself Ikatan Remaja
Muhammadiyah or the Muhammadiyah
Bond, IRM). Some of the well-known
figures behind the establishment IMM
are Mohammad Djazman, M. AmienRais,
and A. Rosyad Sholeh.
Unlike PMII, the establishment of IMM
did not lead to either conflicts or frictions
with HMI. This can be sociologically
understandable since the founding of
IMM was not followed by the release of
activists who belonged to the modernist
ideology of HMI. IMM was established
in 1964 because Muhammadiyah
was still attached to a moral burden
on the 1949 Muslim pledge, which
agreed that HMI was the only student
organization for the Muslims. However,
the establishment of PMII was a “good
precedent” for Muhammadiyah students
to establish their own organizations too.
The existence of IMM would rather be
an alternate organization for students
belong to the modernist ideology. On
the other hand, IMM that is dominant
in universities and colleges of the
Muhammadiyah cannot be a threat to
the existence of HMI. Politically, the
332 Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives
IMM emerged at the night time,
with HMI confrontation with the PKI;
moreover, HMI was even in danger of
being dissolved by Soekarno regime. 42
IMM grows and developed rapidly
within the milieu of Muhammadiyah
colleges because of it was structurally
supported by Muhammadiyah as the
parent organization. Despite being the
youngest autonomous organizations
within Muhammadiyah, IMM moved
freely to spread the modernist ideology
of Muhammadiyah among the academics
of the higher level educational
institution of to Muhammadiyah. The
IMM is clearly stated in the rule of the
Muhammadiyah colleges (Perguruan
Tinggi Muhammadiyah, PTM). The
2006 PTM Rule chapter XIV article
78 states that “Student organizations
established in PTM are: a) the
Muhammadiyah Students Bond; b)
Other organizations permitted by the
Chairman of PTM “. In practice, only
IMM is the formal institution of Islamic
propagation in various campuses of
the Muhammadiyah universities. This
means that IMM is regarded as an
extra-campus organization within higher
educational institutions of the belonged
to Muhammadiyah, which is thus it
similar to the existence of IMM in other
public universities.
organization would not be dissolved by
when Indonesia ghad been under Soekarno. 43
the ideological threat of the PKI. The early period of the New Order was
This a condition was also supported not only a difficult time for the Islamic
by Soekarno’s authoritarian Guided political organizations, but also for
Democracy. History can record that in
the period of the 1960 Soekarno tended the Muslim student movements. The
to learn towards socialism-communism. New Order’s de-politicization program
The Nasakom (Nasionalism, Religion, since the early 1970s has shrunk the
Communism) proclaimed by Sukarno space for Muslims not only in their
at that time was the concrete evidence political realm, but also in their social
life. The IMM also faced a difficult time
of this trend. Involvement of some in facing the principle of Pancasila as
Masjumi leaders in the Revolutionary being the only ideology allowed, such
Government of the Republic of Indonesia as comprised by the Law of Social
(Pemerintahan Revolusioner Republik Organizations (UU Keormasan). In line
Indonesia, PRRI) in 1958 was culminated with its parent organization that had
by the dissolution Masjumi in 1960. accepted Pancasila, The IMM followed
Being considered as an onderbouw the decision of the 41 Muhammadiyah
st
(substructure) of Masjumi, HMI almost Congress 1985 as the Muhammadiyah
got swept too by the dissolution of strategy in their Islamic propagation. This
Masjumi. On the other hand, the period was optimally benefited by IMM
existence of PKI was also a very to develop their organization. As a result,
significant force in this period. Moreover, by the 1990s IMM had been growing in
PKI had also supporters within the level almost all Indonesian regions, especially
of student organization, i.e. Concentrasi within the milieu of Muhammadiyah
Gerakan Mahasiswa Indonesia (the higher education levels.
Concentration of the Indonesian Student
Movement, CGMI). Since the HMI As a social organization at the university
strongly rejected the ideology of PKI, this level, IMM was also concerned with
party and CGMI urged the government to socio-political and humanitarian issues.
dissolve HMI. They accused the HMI was The New Order period generally muted
an accomplice of the DI/TII. At this point various socio-religious and political
IMM emerged as an HMI supporter so movements. However, when the political
Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives 333