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criticized that so far HMI activities were whereas HMI-MPO tends to be more impetus to the growing numbers of which is basically the act of desertion of
more internal as it did not much get in conservative. Internal challenges have the educated group of the NU. The the students affiliated to NU, by which
touch with the general public. 33 absorbed more energy so lately that HMI first organization emerged within PMII was then considered by HMI as
is less responsive to national issues. the educated group of NU is Ikatan “treason” against the decision of the
Although HMI is a socio-religious
organization, it had a significant role in Reflecting to HMI’s heyday in the 1970s, Pelajar Nahdlatul Ulama (the Nahdlatul 1949 Muslim Congress. Therefore, some
the country’spolitical sphere. It is not the future of HMI is expected to be Ulama Students’ Bond, IPNU) that was PMII leaders such as Mahbub Djunaidi,
35
surprising if HMI is often referred to as more visionary and has more concrete established in 1954 to accommodate were then expeled from HMI.
the creator of political cadres. Compared contributions for the nation’s life. both high school and the university Mahbub confirmed that the establishment
students. Several attempts to establish
to the other social organizations, there 2) Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam of PMII was due to the fact that HMI
is no doubt that HMI had contributed Indonesia-PMII (Indonesia university student organizations could not accommodate the aspirations
most in the efforts to create cadres in Islamic Student Movement) had been conducted such as by the of the students leaning to the Islamic
politics. Figures such as Akbar Tanjung, establishment of Ikatan Mahasiswa traditionalist group (Ahlus Sunnah wal
Nahdlatul Ulama (the Nahdlatul Ulama
AdiSasono, M. Amin Rais, and AM Fatwa PMII was founded on April 17, 1960 in Jamaah). Although the establishment
36
are some of HMI alumni who are active response to the trend of Islamic politics. University Students’ Bond, IMANU) of PMII was a reflection of dissatisfaction
at the political level. Since the 1950s Masjumi had not longer and Keluarga Mahasiswa Nahdlatul felt by some parts of the HMI members,
been considered as the sole political Ulama (The Nahdlatul Ulama Students but the establisment of PMII cannot be
The era of reformasi gives different party for the Muslims. Political tensions Fellowship, KMNU) that was established
34
nuances for HMI. The political in Masjumi began to appear by the in 1955. However, the extant student separated from the endorsement of NU
opportunity structure that occurs in organizations received lack of support as the parent organization.
this era of political change provides an withdrawal of the former Partai Sarekat from the leadership of NU, because As its name implies, PMII was expected
opportunity for HMI Dipo and HMI MPO Islam Indonesia (the Indonesian Islamic those organizations were feared to to become a dynamic and open
Union Party, PSII) from Masjumi in 1947.
to reunite. The process began when the undermine the newly established IPNU. organization. The name “movement” is
22 congres was held in Jambi 1999. Dissatisfaction of the ex-PSII figures After the condition of IPNU was strong expected to accommodate the dynamic
nd
The HMI Dipo reassigned the Islamic was also felt by NahdlatulUlama (NU). enough, the 1960 IPNU conference aspirations of the young intellectuals.
This “traditionalist-oriented” Islamic
principles in an attempt to restore the in Yogyakarta confirmed the need for The organization deliberately abstained
HMI identity as they were also hoping association could no longer stand being student organizations. Furthermore, in from using the name “NU” such as
for the return of the HMI-MPO. Various oriented Masyumi leadership. In 1952 April 1960 PMII was formally established previously attached to some student
attempts of reconciliation had been NU finally left Masjumi and transformed it in Surabaya with Mahbub Djunaidi as the organization under NU. It was an effort to
undertaken to unify the two HMIs, but self in the a new Islamic political party. chairman, Khalid M. Al-Mawardi as the make PMII as an open organization to all
until now they still fail to reunite. Though The political conditions were influential vice chairman, and M. Said Budairy as groups, especially to the people whose
normatively both HMI’s have been to the more educated members the the general secretary. Actually, at that aspirations have not been channeled
equally based on Islam, it is empirically NU. In addition to the political aspect, time Mahbub was still an HMI activist. within HMI. The establishment of the
known that HMI Dipo is more moderate, sociological conditions also give the However, the establishment of PMII progressive students organization was

328 Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives 329