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Endnotes

1. Barry McLaughlin, Studies in Social Movements: a Social Psychological
Perspective.(New York: The Free Press, 1969), p.75.
2. Ted RoberrGur, Why Men Rebel. (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1970), p. 24.

3. George Ritzerdan Douglas J. Goodman.TeoriSosiologi Modern, edisi ke-6, transl.
Alimandan (Jakarta: Kencana, 2007), p. 394.
4. RidwanSaidi, Islam dan Nasionalisme Indonesia: Mengungkap dokumen
sangat eksklusif 1920 s/d 1950-an tentang pemikiran Islam mengena imasalah
kebangsaan, (Jakarta: LSIP, 1995), p.2.

5. The only student organization voicing the Islamic caliphate is HizbutTahrir Indonesia
(HTI). Due to minimum response of the students to HTI, this student movement will
not be discussed specifically here, but will only be mentioned only in certain parts.
6. Sidney Tarrow, Power in movement: social movements and contentious Politics,
second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p.15.
The LDK and KAMMI movements belong morepreferableby students compared
to the following characteristics: having to the student movements of HMI, 7. M.C.Ricklefs, Sejarah Indonesia Modern 1200-2004. (Jakarta: Serambi, 2007), p. 319.
a conservative ideology, more focused PMII, and IMM. On the contrary, HMI 8. Ricklefs, Sejarah Indonesia ,…..p.350.
on Islamic propagation activities, or the and PMII dominate Islamic universities
capacity building activities leading to such as UIN and IAIN, except in the 9. NurcholishMadjid, Islam, Kemodernan, danKeindonesiaan. Bandung: Mizan, 1987),
Islamic propaganda, and conducting Muhammadiyah Universities where IMM p. 84.
activities in either for the campus is more dominant. 10. Saidi, Islam danNasionalisme Indonesia,…p.2.
community and or the general populace.
11. Saidi, Islam danNasionalisme Indonesia,…p.3.
Conclusion
12. DardiriHusni, Jong Islamieten Bond: A Study of a Muslim Youth Movement in
In spite of the relatively different ideology Indonesia During the Dutch Colonial Era, 1924 – 1942. (Canada: Master Thesis,
and idealism the campus Islamic McGill University, 1998), p. 56.
movements in many ways belong to
some shared similarities, especially as it 13. Saidi, Islam danNasionalisme Indonesia,…p.6-7.
is noticeable in the spirit of nationalism. 14. DeliarNoer, Gerakan Moderen Islam di Indoesia 1900-1942. (Jakarta: LP3ES,
Generally, all of the referred student 1995), p. 287.
movements push for democratization of
Indonesia, and also want to disseminate 15. The name “Indonesia” was firstly used by Ki Haja rDewantara (atau Soewardi
modern values such as pluralism and Soerjaningrat) in the Netherlands 1913 for the organization Indonesisch Persbureu
multiculturalism. Issues around Islamism and also Muhammad Hatta who changed the organization name for Indie
students in the The Netherlands from Indische Vereeniging (formed in 1908) to be
like the Islamic Sharia, Islamic caliphate Indonesische Vereeniging (Perhimpoenan Indonesia) in 1922.
or Islamic states are very rarely heard
on campus except by small-scale 16. Saidi, Islam dan Nasionalisme Indonesia,…p.4-5.
movements of the HTI.
17. Noer, Gerakan Moderen Islam,…p.100.
Lastly, the Islamic movements in public
or secular universities tend to be more 18. Saidi, Islam dan Nasionalisme Indonesia,…p.36.
Islamic than those movements found in 19. Husni, Jong Islamieten Bond,……p. 57-61.
Islamic universities. This phenomenon
is clearly visible not only in terms of 20. Husni, Jong Islamieten Bond,…… p. 63-64.
clothing, but also on their selection of 21. Agussalim Sitompul, HMI dalam Pandangan Seorang Pendeta: Antara Impian dan
Islamic movements. In public universities, Kenyataan, (Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1982), p. 41.
the LDK and KAMMI movements are
22. Agussalim Sitompul, Menyatu dengan Umat Menyatu dengan Bangsa: Pemikiran

348 Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives 349