Page 366 - INDONESIA ISLAMIC CULTURE

pesantren in Indonesia regarded him as disciples were Sheikh Muhammad Djamil Sahih of al-Bukhari to Hashim Asj’ari, of parties emerged in Indonesia : (1)
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their most famous teacher. The reformist Djambek, Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah, his favorite pupil, who later founded the parties of people of Dutch descent, (2)
‘alim, Ahmad Khatib, also acknowledged Haji Abdullah Ahmad, Haji Ahmad Nahdlatul Ulama (NU). parties of people of Chinese descent,
Nawawi Banten as his teacher. More Dahlan, Sheikh Sulaiman Al-Rasuli and Before the time of Independence, most and (3) Indonesian parties. The
than 22 of the latter’s works are studied Kyai Haji Hasjim Asj’ari. Indonesians parties can be grouped into
in pesantrens, 11 of which are the most In addition to teaching the jurisprudence Indonesian Muslims were united in their Islamic-based and nationalist. Benda
widely circulated books among the position to the Dutch. However they were classified the parties into two categories
almost 100 books used in the pesantren of the Shafi’i School of Islamic law, practically divided into two ideological comprising of almost the same groups:
(Bruinessen, 1990). Sheikh Ahmad Khatib gave his students orientation, what kind of independent Islamic-nationalist and secular-
the chance to read the articles of Indonesia they wanted to have. Santri
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Sheikh Ahmad Khatib was born in Muhammad Abduh from Egypt that were wanted to establish an Indonesian state nationalists. This division was based on
Bukittinggi in Minangkabau in West published in al-Urwah al-Wusqa and that was based on the Shari’a, where as the fact that these groups had equally
Sumatra in 1855. He was a religious Tafsir al-Manar. His influence in politics the abangan preferred a national state been fighting for the same national
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leader and a very influential teacher for developed further from his study of these in which no religious distinction would ideology, the only difference being where
the next generation of Islamic reformers articles. The establishment of modern be made and would cover the entire religion should be located. The first
in Sumatra, Java, and other regions. Islamic movements in Indonesia was Indonesian population. Santri generally group adopted Islam as the basis of its
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After having completed his primary initiated by Ahmad Khatib’s students in joined Islamic parties, where as the struggle to construct the ideals of the
education in 1876, Ahmad Khatib went Minangkabau and many other regions in abangan supported political parties Indonesian state, while the second group
to Mecca and settled there. In the Holy Indonesia. that might be based on nationalist, was religiously neutral.
Land he managed to acquire a honorable communist, or even Christian ideologies. The Muslims’ struggle can be
position in the Haram Mosque as an Sheikh Mahfuz Termas is the third distinguished on the basis of the
imam of the Shafi’i School. It was the Indonesian ‘alim who attained an It was the Dutch ethical regulation of strategies they adopted against
highest position ever awarded to an important position in Mecca. Javanese 1901 that provided for educational colonization. Some opposed the
Indonesian in Mecca. Ahmad Khatib had ‘ulama respected him even more than opportunities for Indonesians while the Dutch and Japanese occupations in a
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an intimate relationship with Indonesians Kyai Nawawi. He successfully completed Decentralization Act of 1903 entitled revolutionary way, while others took a
who were performing the pilgrimage his Islamic education under the guidance local residents of Indonesia, the country more cooperative strategy. However,
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and who studied in the Holy Land. of foremost scholars in Mecca and by that was then still called the Netherlands both groups shared the same ideals
Through these students he was able then he had become an expert in qira’ah Indies to establish a Representative 9. Zainal AbidinAmir, Peta Islam Politik Pasca-
to establish a close relationship with (the Qur’anic recitation). He wrote a Council which stimulated the growth Soeharto, (Jakarta: LP3S, 2003), p. 26.
Indonesian Muslims in their homeland, four-volume book which is still used in of organizations and political parties. 10. Harry J. Benda, Bulan Sabit dan Matahari Terbit:
because most of his students would be pesantren. He was the first Indonesian Amir explained in 2003 that after the Islam Indonesia pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang.
teaching religious subjects in various scholar who taught the hadiths of the issuance of these policies three kinds (Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1980), p. 228.
regions of Indonesia after returning from 6. Noer, Gerakan Moderen ..., p. 38. 8. Alwi Shihab, Islam Sufistik (Bandung: Mizan, 11. Howard M Fiederspiel. Indonesian Muslim
Intellectuals of the 20th Century (Singapore:
the Holy Land. Among Ahmad Khatib’s 7. Van Bruinessen, Kitab Kuning ..., p. 108. 2001), p. 194. ESEAS, 2006), pp. 27-44.

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