Page 368 - INDONESIA ISLAMIC CULTURE

to fight for Indonesian Independence. political ideology and ideals to realize and the students of the Thawalib School considered themselves as higher
The cooperative group was represented the Indonesian state. Some nationalists in Padang Panjang was slow and came because they occupied the position
by modernists or reformists, where as are Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta and by through reading newspapers and second only to the Dutch. At first, local
the resistant group was represented Mohammad Yamin and socialists magazines that discussed political traders and Chinese merchants were
by traditionalists. The Modernists had include Tan Malaka, Muso and Semaun. issues, including those around the barely involved in conflicts, but after the
mostly received their education in Indonesian national movements divided Sarekat Islam (SI). The vice-president 1911 Chinese Revolution they began to
schools established by the Dutch colonial into three major groups in terms of their of the Sarekat Islam, Abdul Muis, limit themselves. Besides, the SDI was
government as a result of the ethical ideologies, viz. Islamist, nationalist, and often visited his homeland to take care also founded to protect its members
policy, while those who rekindled the socialists. 13 of public interests. The Communist from the pressure of upper-class elites,
spirit of resistance usually originated According to Noer, the spread of the influence Datuk Batuah brought had who could not meet the public rights of
14
from pesantren. Most of Nawawi Islamic reform movement that gave caused polemics betweenMuslim thepeople who were often discriminated.
Banten and Mahfuhz Termas’s students birth to Muslim political movements in scholars in Minangkabau and finally, For example, common people were not
developed traditional organizations, Indonesia started in Minangkabau and in 1924, the Union of Islamic Religious allowed to wear particular batik patterns.
while Ahmad Khatib’s students tended originated from Sheikh Ahmad Khatib’s Teachers agreed to reject Communism In some regions they were not allowed
to practice reformed Islam. In addition to teaching of Islamic reformthat spread as it was declared antagonistic to the to travel by train and were victimized
15
the traditionalist ‘ulama, non-cooperative to other regions in Indonesia. while the teachings of Islam. by various other humiliating forms of
Muslim groups were also represented by reform movement originally developed The Sarekat Islam treatment. Hence, the SDI turned into a
bastion of struggle for indigenous traders to
revolutionary young Muslims who were in Minangkabau, Islamic political
influenced by socialist ideology. 12 organizations started to appear in Java. Muslim political activities in Indonesia help them raise their rank in front of Chinese
traders and upper-class aristocrats.
In general, Islamic movements did not The Thawalib School, for example, are generally seen to have been When the SDI started not to limit its
spearheaded by the Islamist Union
promote these differences because they shows the change of its orientation in (Sarekat Islam, SI) which was founded scope to unifying merchants, but began
had the same goal of making Indonesia 1923 as it focussed on political affairs in Solo on November 11, 1912 as the to be interested in politics, it transformed
independent as the result of Muslim after a teacher named Datuk Batuah had successor of the Islamist Trade Union into the SI. SDI founder H. Samanhoedi,
struggle. They envisioned the creation arrived from Java bringing communist (Sarekat Dagang Islam, SDI). The SDI who also became the SI’s first chairman,
of an Islamic-based state. They came influences that reflected a more radical was founded on October 16, 1905 started to shape the organization by
together to realize this Islamic ideals. stance against the government than by Haji Samanhoedi and aimed at improving its leadership, formulating the
Some of their well-known leaders include simply materialism itself. However, the promotingthe Muslims’ economy that basic organizational statutes, as well
Achmad Dahlan, Hasjim Asj’ari, H.O.S. political transition among the teachers had been facing stiff competition from as the arrangement of the relationship
Tjokroaminoto, and Agus Salim. Islamic 13. Harold Crouch. “Islam and Politics in Indonesia,” Chinese traders. It initially attracted between thecentral organization and its
political groups dealt with the nationalist in Coral Bell, ed. Politics, Diplomacy and Islam: Four local batik traders in Solo who felt local branches. The basic organizational
and socialist groups’ differences in Case Studies. Canberra: the Australian National the Chinese humiliated them as they statutes were formulated on November
University, 1986, p. 15-30.
12. Benda. Bulan Sabit ..., pp. 205-233. 14. Noer. Gerakan Moderen....,p. 37. 15. Noer. Gerakan Moderen...,p. 57. 11, 1911 by Raden Mas Tirtoadisurjo,

358 Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives 359