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Chapter 1
Alternative approaches
3.1 The emergent model (Mintzberg)
This suggests that formal planning, while useful, usually has to be adjusted for
unexpected (emergent) events.
3.2 Logical incrementalism (Lindblom)
Incrementalism argues that formal planning is a waste of management time and,
instead, the organisation should adopt strategies that are small-scale extensions of
past, successful strategies.
3.3 Freewheeling opportunism
Opportunists ignore any formal planning, instead taking advantage of opportunities
as they arise.
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