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9 E x p r e s s i n g c o n c e s s i o n , c o n t r a s t , p u r p o s e a n d r e a s o n
Concession Reason
To express concession in subordinate clauses, we can use: We can use:
• however + adjective + it / this + may be / seem. • as / since in place of because to express reason.
The effect is caused by light waves, however Since there had been some storms in the vicinity,
surprising this may seem . we sheltered in a café rather than continuing.
whatever, whoever + it / this + may be. as / while to talk about time and reason together.
• •
Find a mutually acceptable way to work together as While we’re in the neighbourhood, we should check
a team, whatever it / this may be. out the restaurant options.
Why don’t I review the rest of your presentation as
Contrast
we’ve got some extra time.
To build on a previous, related negative clause, and to
• now that / as / since to introduce a clause explaining
focus on an additional negative factor, we can use:
a present situation.
neither / nor + inverted be + subject
•
Now that I understand his inspirations, we’re making
It isn’t possible to guess what he’s working on. Nor is it
much better progress.
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worth trying as he’ll never divulge the details.
Since we met, my life has expanded in so many
• neither / nor + inverted do + subject
different respects.
Cooking fine food does not have to be prohibitively
• in that instead of because as a subordinating
expensive. Nor does it have to be complex.
conjunction, to give greater in-depth explanation.
This is more commonly used in formal contexts.
Purpose
The village is delightfully picturesque in that it’s tucked
To introduce a purpose, we can use:
away in the hills and is full of period cottages.
in order (not) to
•
• as for myself as a discourse marker to introduce or
In order to establish a better procedure, all staff will be
focus on a personal viewpoint.
asked to complete a questionnaire.
As for myself , working in a one of those intimidating
• so as (not) to https://english0905.com/private/
office buildings would be a somewhat overwhelming.
We came by taxi so as not to be late for the event.
9 P a s s i v e a n d c a u s a t i v e s t r u c t u r e s
The passive can add complexity to clauses as well as a 3 Causative structures
degree of sophistication.
have + object + infinitive and get + object + infinitive
1 In subordinate clauses, we can use the -ing form of with to can be used to show you arranged for someone
the perfect passive to give explanatory background else to do something.
information from the past to main clauses. These are
We should have the decorators paint the ceilings.
more commonly used at the beginning of a sentence.
Let’s get the children to tidy their rooms.
Having been trained at a top university, Nina managed
This structure can also be used to mean experience
to find a good job soon after graduating.
something, but in this case only have can be used.
The kitchen having been cleaned and the clothes put
The driving school hasn’t had anybody fail their test.
away, it was now time for everyone to relax.
get / have + object + past participle can be used to
They can be used as the complement of prepositions in
make promises. The person can either be promising
subordinate clauses at the beginning or in the middle of
they will do the action or that someone else will.
a sentence.
I’ll have your complaint reviewed thoroughly and then
They went to the opening of the new library in spite of
we’ll assess how to proceed.
not having been invited by the mayor’s office.
The imperative form of have / get + object + past
In spite of not having been invited by the mayor’s
participle can be used to make commands. It can be
office, they went to the opening of the new library.
the person being spoken to or someone else who will
2 We can build more complex clauses by positioning
do the action.
two or more passive constructions consecutively. This
Have that report written and on my desk by noon.
describes a process where two or more actions follow
get + past participle for situations where someone has
each other in a specific order. Avoid repeating the
been affected by an experience that they did not do or
auxiliary forms.
cause. Common past participles used in this way are:
The photos have been framed and hung on the wall.
caught, involved, left, stuck, trapped .
We didn’t get going early enough and got caught up in
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the congestion through the town centre.
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