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READY FOR GRAMMAR

10 Inversion
In more formal or literary contexts, we can use certain
2 Inversion in conditional clauses
adverbial structures at the beginning of a clause to
Conditional structures can be inverted to give emphasis.
emphasise something or convey a sense of drama.
This happens in the if clause when if is omitted.
Following the structures, the order of the subject and the
• Were it not for + noun / noun phrase.
verb is inverted. In sentences without an auxiliary verb, do,
Were it not for his persuasive manner, we certainly
does or did is added.
wouldn’t have attended the event.
1 Inversion for emphasis
• Past perfect + inverted subject
• Inversion is used after the following phrases:
Had the hero known what fate held in store, he surely
at no time, barely, hardly, scarcely, rarely, hardly ever, would have told Ada he loved her.
never, in no way, little, on no account, never again, no
• If we think something is unlikely, we use were + subject
sooner, not since, not until, not only, only later, only
+ to + infinitive.
then, only when, under no circumstances.
Were they to take up the fight, they’d clearly need
Hardly ever will you find this type of deciduous tree
many more resources.
growing at this altitude.
• We can use an inverted should + subject in more formal
• Not until, Only when, Only after, Only once, Not since are
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contexts.
followed by a subordinate clause. The inversion of the
Should you fail to complete the quest, there will be
subject and the verbs happens in in the main clause.
consequences. (If you fail to complete …)
Not since we were children have we spent an evening
Notice the difference with negative clauses.
playing board games.
Should you not complete the quest, there will be
Many of these phrases can also be followed by a noun
consequences (If you don’t complete….)
and then the inverted verb form.
Not since last spring has a stranger been seen here . 3 Inversion with adverbs of time, place and
movement
• We can use not only… but also and never / nor + must +
• We can use adverbs of place or time + be or verb of
subject to emphasise the importance of something.
place or movement. The subject comes after the whole https://english0905.com/private/
Never must they uncover how we knew where to look
verb form (i.e. not just the auxiliary). Do not add do,
for the files; nor must they ever access to the records.
does, did.
• We can use never again + will + subject for predictions .
Inside the chest should have been the golden amulet.
Never again will our paths cross at such an auspicious
First was a sumptuous soufflé, then came the prawns.
point in the history of this universe.
Here and there when they are used as adverbs of place.
• We can use may + subject to introduce a clause
These types of exclamations are sometimes used in
describing a strong wish.
everyday speech.
May next year bring all the joys you could hope for!
Here comes the rain, we’d better head indoors.
• Clauses which start with as, than and so can be used
There stood my parents with huge smiles on their faces.
with inversion, especially in literary contexts.
However, remember that if the subject is a pronoun,
So far had they walked through the sweltering jungle
you cannot use an inversion structure.
that Kristina had lost all track of time.
There goes the bottle , washing out to sea.
Authors of fiction tend to command higher advances
There it goes, washing out to sea.
than do nonfiction authors.
10 C r e a t i n g e m p h a s i s a n d c l e f t s e n t e n c e s
To add emphasis to a person, thing or a clause we can use:
3 Emphasising a person / thing
it + be + noun phrase + relative clause.
1 Question words
In the play, it’s May who notices that the necklace has
What, Who, How, Why or Where + clause as the subject of
been stolen, whereas in the film version it’s her maid.
a sentence to emphasise certain information.
How the agency will respond to these requests is unclear.
4 Negative Not
Not a + noun for focus (often with a passive structure).
2 Using nouns with premodifiers
This is usually a literary device.
the (+ premodifier) + thing / fact / point / problem /
Not a day goes by that I don’t think of what could have
reason / issue + be (that).
happened differently.
The underlying problem has always been the council’s
reluctance to spend money on public transport.
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