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READY FOR GRAMMAR

11 R e p o r t i n g s t r u c t u r e s 2
1 In informal conversations, it is common for people If people don’t like the state of the roads, there’s no
to use went or be + like instead of said . This is very point banging on about it to friends – they need to
colloquial. e.g. petition the council.
The traffic warden was pretty rude and without even My dad always keeps on at me about cleaning my
looking up she went ‘you can’t park here’ and gave me room, but I just don’t want to do it.
was like
a ticket, and I ‘I can park here, can’t you see
There’s no point sounding off at the waiters if you don’t
my resident’s permit?’
like the food. Just ask to change what you’ve ordered.
2 In informal speech, certain reporting verbs can be used
I wish my boss wouldn’t go on and on about how
to express speaker opinion, e.g.
important the presentation is. It makes me nervous!
drone on about (talk in a boring way for a long time)
Dan’s child nearly ran into the road and he completely
blather on about (talk in a silly / annoying way for a went off at him.
long time).
Reporting using adjectives
3
bang on about (continue to talk about something
Adjectives can be used to report feelings or opinions,
repeatedly/for a long time).
indicating the style of which the information was
sound off at (express opinions in a loud/ delivered previously.
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forceful way)
e.g. adamant, grateful, insistent + that
keep on at (complain, moan or nag).
doubtful, unsure, uncertain, skeptical that/whether
go on and on (talk, for what the speaker thinks
complimentary/insulting about
is too long, or nag) .
critical/scornful of
go off at (speak angrily).
abusive/sympathetic towards
My father’s always droning on about the vegetables
The council were adamant that the road works were
he’s growing in the garden, but I couldn’t care less!
essential.
It takes us hours to go out. My partner is always
blathering on about this top or that, and these shoes
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12 P a r t i c i p l e c l a u s e s
4 to refer to a condition (i.e. to replace an if clause).
A Types of Participle clause
1 Present participle clauses, e.g. Given a choice, I’d rather dance than go to the gym.
Hoping to learn more about eating healthily, I signed up 5 to provide information about a noun phrase (i.e. to
to a vegetarian cooking course. replace a defining or non-defining relative clause).
NB Stative verbs can be used in present participle clauses. The message posted today was about meditation
techniques
2 Perfect participle clauses, e.g.
NB unlike relative clauses, these can often come before
Having researched all the options, she settled on the
the noun phrase.
yoga retreat in Corsica as it had the best reviews.
Built in 1066, the castle is a major tourist attraction.
3 Passive participle clauses, e.g.
Having been given a stark warning by his doctor, Jim
C Adding a subject to a participle clause
realised he had to make serious lifestyle changes.
The subject of a participle clause is usually same as that
Verbless clauses, e.g.
4
of the main clause. However, we can introduce a different
Alone and afraid, she wrapped herself in a blanket. subject:
if the actions are happening at the same time as events
1
B Use of Participle clause
in the main clause, or are used to give extra information.
to refer to simultaneous events (i.e. to replace a while
1
Her eyes filling with tears, Yasmin was clearly
clause).
overwhelmed at her gold medal win.
Running down the street for the bus, I tripped over.
2 when with is used to introduce a different subject.
2 to refer to earlier events (i.e. to replace an after clause).
With exercise classes running throughout the day, the
Having spoken to the fitness instructor, I have a clearer
centre is perfect for everyone’s schedule.
idea of what his classes with involve.
To add a subject without without with
3
3 to refer to a reason (i.e. to replace a because clause).
There being no further matters to discuss, we closed
Not wanting to wake anyone else up, I snuck out of the
the meeting early.
room and quietly closed the door.
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