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04.09.2024, 21:59 Ready for C2 Proficiency Student's Book Classroom Presentation

READY FOR READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PARTS 5–7
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H o w t o g o a b o u t i t
• Once you have identified the extracted paragraph, check the sentences before and
after the gap to make sure it fits with both surrounding paragraphs.
• After you have selected a paragraph for each of the gaps, check that the extra
paragraph does not fit anywhere.

3 Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs
A–H the one which fits each gap (1–7 ). There is one extra paragraph which you do not
need to use.
A Despite the legal work on the idea of freedom of the high seas, nothing concrete
materialised for centuries. The finer details of an agreement which would satisfy all the
nations involved would require serious time and effort; therefore it was not until the
mid-20th century that treaties started to be drafted and ratified.
B The birth of the United Nations in the mid-20th century had heralded a sea change
in how the world came together to agree on matters of environmental importance.
Since then, it has consistently been part of marine conservation and as recently as
2023 created a new agreement. This latest, The High Seas Treaty, will designate 30% of
the oceans as protected zones and has been hailed as an historic piece of legislation,
an example of working around national interests for a global solution.
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C Getting countries to sign up for these types of treaties is a delicate balance of
encouragement, incentives and diplomacy. Some can be hesitant until they know
what’s in it for them, and others can be overly enthusiastic. Emotions can run high
in highly polluted regions or areas where fishing is an important livelihood, but
negotiations must be entered into in good faith.
D The current international approach to marine conservation has its roots in the
development of two key areas during the 17th century, the rule of law and the
establishment of trading routes. The initial treaties and agreements, often drawn
up between neighbouring countries, focused on getting wider access to the
oceans’ resources either for feeding ever growing domestic populations or for
international commerce. https://english0905.com/private/
E This expansion in maritime trade meant that competition for resources grew fierce.
Maintaining access to the oceans was vital for many seafaring nations, especially those
whose economies depended on fish. As fishermen and traders extended their routes,
thoughts turned to protectionism and thus the idea of treating their territorial or coastal
waters differently from the high seas was born.
There were several initial attempts which received a lukewarm reaction in some parts
F
of the world, but in 1982 comprehensive agreement finally prevailed and the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was signed. It was seen as a ground-
breaking moment in international law, one which showed how collaboration could be
achieved through hard work and determination.
G Back in the 1970s, marine conservation as a discipline was still young, and little
was known about the oceans. Scientists had a more thorough knowledge of the
moon than the oceans and they had no feasible ways of getting to the depths of the
oceans or sea beds in order to carry out research. This changed with the advent of
underwater cameras and other enabling technology.
The initial concept put forward as a potential solution was that of making the high seas
H
free for ships from any country to travel through. As a result of promoting the view that
the oceans connect the world and therefore should be a shared resource, this became
accepted. This fundamental shift from the idea of territorial acquisition to shared
ownership was key to how ocean management would develop over the centuries.

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