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04.09.2024, 21:59 Ready for C2 Proficiency Student's Book Classroom Presentation

READY FOR READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PARTS 5–7
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Reading and Use of English Part 6 Gapped text
1 S P E A K Work in groups. Read the title and subheading of
D o n ’ t f o r g e t !
the article. Then, discuss the questions.
First, read the whole text to get an idea of the overall
What international agreements are in place for the
1
meaning, structure and flow. On the next reading,
world’s oceans?
look for links between the extracted paragraphs
In what ways do you think international diplomacy
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and the text, including reference words, linguistic
contributes towards their management?
devices such as pronoun references and synonym
substitutions, as well as any overlaps in ideas or
2 Quickly read the text. Were any of your ideas in Exercise 1
arguments.
mentioned by the authors?
MANAGING

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A TALE OF COLLABORATION

I t h a s n o t a l l b e e n p l a i n s a i l i n g w h e n i t c o m e s d e c i d i n g w h o o w n s t h e o c e a n s a n d t h e i r
r e s o u r c e s . W e t a k e a l o o k a t h o w t h i s t r i c k y a r e a o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i p l o m a c y d e v e l o p e d .

Managing the world’s oceans has an interesting history that
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is seldom told in full. While once nations sought to dominate
By this time, it was becoming increasingly clear that any
them and assert sovereignty over them for trade purposes, https://english0905.com/private/
international disagreements would have to be put aside.
the focus nowadays is on international collaboration to
The oceans were suffering from a raft of issues such as
preserve these precious habitats under serious threat after
overfishing and pollution, all caused by human activity.
centuries of human exploitation. Satisfying the needs of
There was no doubt that something needed to be done
countries large and small all over the world is no mean feat
and any action would have to be on a global scale.
and one which should be celebrated.
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Yet it could not have been accomplished without
Humans have traded fish and products derived from sea
scientific development. At its heart was the growing
mammals and plants since they first took to the water in
understanding that the world’s oceans are linked by
rudimentary sailing vessels several thousand years ago.
currents that enable life to thrive and that human
Sailing technology gradually improved over time resulting in
impact can have far-reaching consequences.
more of the oceans becoming navigable. This in turn led to
Marine conservationists had started stressing that the
a global maritime trading network in the 16th century linking
only way forward was international cooperation and
regions of the world such as Europe, Asia and the Caribbean.
the United Nations listened.
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This distinction was to give countries jurisdiction over the
As new information was uncovered, more charitable
seas and oceans around their coasts and also started the
organisations appeared to champion the cause.
process of working out how to deal with the high seas.
Spurred on by the success of the UN and bolstered
While it was acknowledged that countries should be able to
by research data, they too made great leaps in ocean
use the oceans bordering their land for their own purposes,
protection, with successful international collaboration
deciding what to do with the rest raised questions which
projects boosting whale populations, reducing coastal
were difficult to resolve for obvious reasons until a Dutch
pollution and a host of other improvements.
legal expert named Hugo Grotius took up the challenge in
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the 17th century.
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In the face of climate change and the devasting effects
on marine life, demonstrating effective leadership
Deciding on the content of a law to ensure ‘freedom of the
is necessary. Modern ocean management bears
high seas’, as the concept became known, was always going
little resemblance to the trade-based treaties of the
to be a daunting task. There were many aspects to take
17th century and is concerned solely with stewardship
into consideration not least the issue of the distribution of
rather than ownership. Now that the issues are better
resources in the oceans. While coral reefs and tropical seas
understood, modernising old international treaties is of
are teeming with life, vast stretches of coastlines host far
utmost importance.
fewer species and as such resources are unevenly spread.
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