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7. While drivers are turning to open their doors, they look for any cyclists on the road.
, drivers look for any cyclists on the road.

8. After Amsterdam improved its road safety, it has become one of the world’s best places to bike.

, Amsterdam has become one of the world’s
best places to bike.

12.5 Reduced Adverb Clauses of Reason

Because he felt tired, he went to bed early.
Adverb Clause
Feeling tired, he went to bed early.
Reduced Adverb Clause

1. In many cases an adverb clause of Because she is an only child, she is often lonely.
reason can be reduced. Omit the Being an only child, she is offen lonely.
subject and because or since. Then
Because she was an only child, she was often lonely.
change the verb to the -ing form. Put not
Being an only child, she was offen lonely.
before the -ing form of the verb to make
a negative. Since | don’t know Chinese, | can’t understand him.
Not knowing Chinese, | can’t understand him.

2.To reduce an adverb clause of reason Since she has spent all her money, she needs more.

in the present perfect or past perfect, Having spent all her money, she needs more.
change have or had to having.
Since she had spent her money, she needed more.
Having spent her money, she needed more.

3.Remember: In order to reduce an adverb / Because Jake won the race, his sister was happy
clause, the subject of the adverb clause for him.
and the main clause must be the same. X Having won the race, his sister was happy for him.

5 Complete the sentences about the subway system in Seoul, Korea. Change the adverb
clauses in parentheses to reduced adverb clauses.

1. , Seoul’s subway system is one of the longest.
Having 316 miles of track
(because it has 316 miles of track)

2. , the trains
make travel around Seoul easy. (because they run every two minutes during rush hour)

3. , the stations are a great
source of information. (since they provide digital maps and schedules)

4. ,
the mayor of Seoul lowered the price of subway fares. (because he had heard complaints about
high subway fares)

5. , the subway cars are excellent for winter travel.

(since they have heated seats)

348 ADVERB CLAUSES
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