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METALWORKING EQUIPMENT
AND TOOLS
isostatic pressing (HIP) are used. Sintering eliminates residual porosity and improves the
physicomechanical properties of the material.
Products obtained by selective laser melting are 2 - 12 % stronger than cast ones. This
is due to the small grain size and microstructural components that are formed because of rapid
cooling of the melt. Rapid super cooling of the melt significantly increases the number of solid
phase nuclei and reduces their critical size.
Using methods of changing the temperature conditions of crystallization, alloying and
introducing modifiers, thermal cycling, powder metallurgy, thermomechanical processing, etc.,
it is possible to achieve a significant increase in the strength properties of metals and alloys.
Currently, the efforts of scientists and engineers are aimed at a more detailed study of
the influence of process parameters on the structure, mechanism and features of compaction of
various materials under the action of laser radiation in order to improve mechanical properties
and increase the range of materials suitable for laser additive manufacturing.
The main material for additive technology is bulk, powdery materials are both polymeric
and metallic (metal powders based on Ni, Ca, Fe, Ti, Ae, etc.). Mold metal blanks, special tools,
original parts of a complex configuration of ship equipment, which changed shape and dimensions
during operation, which are difficult or impossible to obtain by casting or machining, implants
and more, are grown from metal powders. In the case of piece and small batch production,
it becomes economically profitable to grow a small batch of parts on an SLS machine than to
make foundry or die tooling. In combination with hot isostatic pressing and corresponding heat
treatment, they not only are not inferior to cast or forged products, but also surpass them
in strength by 20 - 30 %. Especially ship fittings, experiencing not only high loads, but also
dependence on the environment.
Broad prospects open up for another additive technology - the technology of inkjet
printing’’ - InkJet- or PolyJet-technology. This technology involves the application of a model
material or a binder composition using inkjet heads. Of particular interest are InkJet technologies
for foundry. At the same time, it is possible to grow foundry
molds, that is, negative parts, and to exclude the stages of
manufacturing molding equipment - the foundry model. ExOpe
(and its subsidiary ProMetal GmbH) manufactures S-Max
machines, which are positioned not as "prototyping machines",
but as completely "ordinary" technological equipment installed
in the general technological chain of serial production. Almost

all automobile companies in the
world have acquired such cars. It
is understandable with their help,
it became possible not many times,
but by an order of magnitude to
reduce the time spent on research
and development on critical positions
for auto-builders foundry parts.
These are, for example, engine blocks and cylinder heads, axles
and gearboxes parts that took months to produce in a traditional
pilot plant, and many months, taking into account experimental
development and preparation of production. Currently, the designer
can see his new engine on the test bench not six months later, but
two weeks after the completion of the technical project.
In Russia, there are many companies that provide prototyping services, but mostly these
are small enterprises that have one or two low-cost 3D printers that can grow simple parts.
This is due to the fact that high-tech equipment capable of providing high quality products is
expensive and requires highly qualified personnel to work and serve.
For the full use of AF-technologies, it is necessary to create this environment: master 3D-
design and modeling, CAE and CAM technologies, digitization and reengineering technologies,
related technologies, including quite traditional ones, but reformatted to a 3D environment.
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