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4.5 Cache Size ....................................................................................................................................... 101
4.6 Semiconductor main memory ........................................................................................................ 104
4.6.1 Organization ............................................................................................................................. 104
4.7 DRAM and SRAM ............................................................................................................................ 105
4.8 Virtual Memory ............................................................................................................................... 107
4.8.1 Definition ................................................................................................................................. 107
4.8.2 Why Virtual Memory is Used ................................................................................................... 108
4.8.3 Basic Idea ................................................................................................................................. 108
4.8.4 Key Components ...................................................................................................................... 108
4.8.4.4. Page Fault ............................................................................................................................. 108
4.9 Advantages of Virtual Memory ....................................................................................................... 109
4.9.1 Disadvantages .......................................................................................................................... 109
4.9.2Thrashing................................................................................................................................... 109
4.9.3 Simple Example ........................................................................................................................ 109
Chapter Five .............................................................................................................................................. 110
5.1 External Devices .............................................................................................................................. 111
5.2 Keyboard/Monitor .......................................................................................................................... 112
5.3 Disk Drive ........................................................................................................................................ 112
5.4 i/O Modules .................................................................................................................................... 113
5.5 I/O Module Structure ...................................................................................................................... 114
5.6 Direct Memory Access. ................................................................................................................... 115
5.7 DMA Function ................................................................................................................................. 116
Chapter Six ................................................................................................................................................ 122
MACHINE INSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................... 123
6.1 Number of Addresses ..................................................................................................................... 126
6.2 TYPES OF OPERANDS ...................................................................................................................... 129
6.3Characters ........................................................................................................................................ 130
6.4 INTEL x86 AND ARM DATA TYPES ................................................................................................... 131
6.5 ADDRESSING MODES ...................................................................................................................... 134
x86 AND ARM ADDRESSING MODES .................................................................................................... 140
6.6 Allocation of Bits ............................................................................................................................. 146
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