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■ Processor to memory: The processor writes a unit of data to memory.

■ I/O to processor: The processor reads data from an I/O device via an I/O module.

■ Processor to I/O: The processor sends data to the I/O device.

■ I/O to or from memory: For these two cases, and I/O module is allowed to exchange data directly with
memory, without going through the processor, using direct memory access. Over the years, a number of
interconnection structures have been tried.

By far the most common are (1) the bus and various multiple-bus structures, and (2) point to-point
interconnection structures with packetized data transfer. We devote the remainder of this chapter for a
discussion of these structures.

3.5 Bus interconnection
The bus was the dominant means of computer system component interconnection for decades. For
general-purpose computers, it has gradually given way to various point-to-point interconnection
structures, which now dominate computer system design. However, bus structures are still commonly
used for embedded systems, particularly microcontrollers. In this section, we give a brief overview of bus
structure. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNwTu9SFq-s
lines. It must then wait for that second module to send the data.

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