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South African Pavement Engineering Manual
Chapter 10: Pavement Design
Riding quality
Unbound Rut depth
Granular
Base
Legend: Potholes
Natural gravel subbase Surface cracking
Lightly cemented subbase Potholes
Time, traffic
Riding quality
Legend:
Natural gravel subbase
Lightly cemented subbase
Lightly Cracking and pumping Potholes
Cemented Shrinkage cracking
Base
Potholes
Fatigue cracking
Crushing Rutting
Time, traffic
Riding quality
Legend:
Natural gravel subbase
Lightly cemented subbase
Hot mix
Asphalt
Base Rut depth
Potholes
Surface
cracking
Time, traffic
Figure 11. Long-Term Changes in the Functional and Structural Indicators of Flexible
Pavements
Section 3: Design Considerations
Page 17
