Page 455 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

Common law, in England, 223
Common people, science and, 400 Commonwealth, in England, 374 Communication(s): in Assyrian Empire, 37;
in Persian Empire, 43–44; writing and, 14 Communities, Christian, 141, 142, 143 Comneni dynasty, 241
Compass, 329
Compurgation, 155
Conciliarism, 265
Concordat of Worms, 233
Concubines, in Carolingian Empire, 179 Condottieri, 262, 279, 280
Confession, Luther and, 304
Confession of Golias, The (Archpoet), 215 Congo, 339
Conquistadors (Spain), 334
Conrad III (Germany), 243
Consistory, in Geneva, 313–14
Constance, Council of, 296–97 Constantine (Rome): Christianity and, 147,
149; Council of Nicaea and, 150; late Roman Empire and, 146–47; reforms of, 147–49; statue of, 149
Constantine VII (Byzantine Empire), 189 Constantinople (Istanbul): architecture in, 163–64; as Byzantium, 149; Muslim
attack on, 169; patriarch of, 188; Roman empire in, 149; siege and capture of (1204), 245, 295; siege and capture of (1453), 296; trade in, 163, 188
Constitution(s): in England, 376; in Rome, 99, 121
Constitutional monarchy, in England, 376 Constitution of the Spartans (Xenophon), 69 Consuls, in Rome, 98, 99, 112, 113 Contarini, Gasparo, 318, 319 Contraception. See Birth control
Convents, 160, 234. See also Nuns Conversion. See Missions and missionaries Copernicus, Nicolaus, 387–88, 389, 390, 391 Copper, 5
Co´rdoba, 193, 194, 227
Corinth, 103, 104; Gulf of, 49
Corinthian League, 74–76
Corinthian order, 64
Corn, 348
Cornwall, 154
Coronation, of Charlemagne, 173, 173–74,
176–78
Corpus Hermeticum, 284
Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian), 162 Corsica, 28, 95, 102, 103
Cortes (Spain), 293
Corte´s, Herna´n, 329, 334–35
Corvinus, Matthias (Hungary), 295 Cosimo II (Florence). See Medici family Cosmology: of Newton, 391; Ptolemaic-
Aristotelian, 391, 400; in Scientific
Revolution, 387
Council of elders, in Sparta, 58
Council of Five Hundred (Athens), 59 Council of nobles, in Athens, 58
Council of the plebs (Rome), 98, 99, 112,
113
Councils (Christian): of Clermont, 241; of
Constance, 296–97; Fourth Lateran
Council, 239, 240; of Nicaea, 150; of Pisa,
265; of Trent, 319 Counter-Reformation. See Catholic
Reformation Counts, 176
Court (of law): in England, 223; in France, 363; manorial, 187
Court (royal), in France, 358, 363 Courtiers, Castiglione on, 277 Covenant, of Jews, 32, 33, 34 Craft guilds, 211
Crafts: Athenian, 68; Neolithic, 5 Cranmer, Thomas, 312–13
Crassus (Rome), 113, 115
Creation of Adam (Michelangelo), 273, 290 Cre´cy, Battle of, 256
Crete, 18; Byzantines and, 188; Minoan, 49–51, 51 (map); Mycenaeans and, 51
Crime: in medieval towns, 209, 210. See also Punishment
Croatia, 367
Croesus (Lydia), 67–68
Cromwell, Oliver, 374, 375
Crop(s): in Americas, 348, 351; on manors,
186 (map), 187; Neolithic, 4. See also
Agriculture
Crossbow, 256
Crucifixion, of Roman slaves, 107 Crusader states, 243
Crusades: Albigensians and, 238; in High
Middle Ages, 239–46, 242, 243 (map); Jews and, 238–39, 240; Louis IX and, 226; women and, 203
Cruz, Juana Ine´s de la, 348
Cuba, 333
Cults: civic, 90; of Isis, 90; mystery, 90,
138–39; of Roma and Augustus, 138;
Roman household, 106; of virginity, 160 Culture(s): in 14th century, 265–70;
Assyrian, 38; Byzantine, 188; after Carolingian Empire, 181; of classical Greece, 62–70; of Egypt, 18–20; Frankish, 154; of Hellenistic Greece, 81, 83–84, 85–90; Hittites and, 29; Mesopotamian, 12–14; Mycenaean, 51. See also Art(s); Civilization; Popular culture; Renaissance
Cumberland, England, 154 Cummean (abbot), 159
Cuneiform, 13 (tab.)
Curriculum: in medieval universities,
212–13. See also Education; Liberal arts Customary law, Germanic, 155
Cuzco, 336
Cyaxares (Median empire), 40
Cyprus, 188
Cyril (missionary), 191
Cyrillic (Slavonic) alphabet, 191
Cyrus Cylinder, 39
Cyrus the Great (Persia), 39, 40–42
Czech people: in Bohemia, 190; Holy Roman
Empire and, 296
Dacia (Romania), 125, 138. See also Romania Da Gama, Vasco, 329–30, 332
Dahomey, 347–48
Damascus, 168, 170, 192, 209
Dams, 201
Danelaw, in England, 183
Danes. See Denmark; Vikings
Danhauer, Gottfried, 370
Dante Alighieri, 266–67
Danube River region, 122, 125, 150, 165,
191
Darius I (Persia), 42, 42 (map), 43, 44, 59 Darius III (Persia), 76, 80
Dark Ages, in Greece, 51–54
Dati, Gregorio, 278
Dauphin (France), 257
David (Donatello), 287, 287
David (Israel), 30
David (Michelangelo), 290, 290
Dead Sea region, 139
Dead Sea Scrolls, 139
Death rates: from Black Death, 251; infant
mortality and, 250; from Middle Passage,
339; of Renaissance babies, 278 Decameron (Boccaccio), 252 Declaration of Indulgence, 374 Decretum (Gratian), 205 Deduction, 399
Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women
(Cereta), 285
Degrees (university), 213
De Hooch, Pieter, 373, 373
Deities. See Gods and goddesses
Delian League, 60
Delos, 60
Delphi, 67
Demes, in Athens, 58–59
Demesne, 187, 201
Democracy: in Athens, 49, 59, 60, 61, 62; in
Greece, 56; Locke and, 378. See also
Athens; Pericles
Demos (people), 59
Demosthenes, 74; Third Philippic, The, 75 Denmark: kingdom of, 229–30; Thirty Years’
War and, 361; upheavals in, 362. See also
Scandinavia; Vikings
Descartes, Rene´, 397, 397–98, 399 Description and History of Paraguay and Rio de
la Plata (Azara), 349
Description of the Rus (Ibn Fadlan), 192 ‘‘Diary of a Citizen,’’ on slave trade, 340 Dias, Bartholomeu, 329
D´ıaz de Vivar, Rodrigo (El Cid), 227 Dictators and dictatorships, 100, 113, 115 Diet (food): in Athens, 68; in Carolingian
Empire, 179–80; in Egypt, 22, 22;
peasant, 202
Diet of Worms, 301, 302
Dioceses, Christian, 149, 233
Diocletian (Rome), 143, 146, 147–49 Dionysios, Letter to, 84
Diplomacy: Byzantine, 165; modern system
of, 280; in Renaissance Italy, 279 (map),
280; Roman, 101. See also Alliances Disciples, of Jesus, 141–42
Discourse on Method (Descartes), 398 Discoveries. See Exploration
Disease: European in New World, 335, 336, 337; medical advances and, 393–94; among slaves, 339. See also Black Death; Medicine
Dissenters (England), 376
Index 417
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