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4.  (a)  A ù B = {I}, n(A ù B) = 1             Praktis Kendiri 4.2b
                        (b)  A ù C = { }, n(A ù C) = 0
                        (c)  B ù C = { }, n(B ù C) = 0            1.  (a)  A' = {3, 4, 7, 8}
                        (d)  A ù B ù C = { }, n(A ù B ù C) = 0       (b)  B' = {5, 6, 7, 8}
                                                                     (d)  (A ø B)' = {7, 8}
                       Praktis Kendiri 4.1b                       2.  (a)  ξ                  I
                                                                               G
                     1.  (a)  (P ù Q)' = {2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10}                               •24
                        (b)  (Q ù R)' = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}            •11     •10 H •21
                        (c)  (P ù Q ù R)' = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}     •13  •23  •14  •25  •12
                                                                                          •18
                                                                                 •29
                                                                             •17
                                                                                          •30
                                                                                     •16
                                                                                       •27
                     2.  (a)  (G ù H)' = {11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18}            •19
                        (b)  (G ù I)' = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18}   •15    •20  •22
                        (c)  (H ù I)' = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18}                •26    •28
                        (d)  (G ù H ù I)' = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18}      (b)  (i) (G ø H)' = {15, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28}
                     3.  (a) ξ        (b)  ξ  P  Q  (c)    ξ  Q         (ii) (H ø I)' = {11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 26, 28}
                            P      Q                  P
                                                                       (iii) (G ø H ø I)' = {15, 20, 22, 26, 28}
                                                                  3.  (a)    ξ          (b)   ξ
                                                                            A   B   C          A  B    C
                                  R             R           R
                              (P ù Q)'     (P ù R)'    (P ù Q ù R)'
                     4.  (a)  (M ù L)   = {a, b, c, d, f, g}
                        (b)  (N ù L)'  = {a, b, c, d, g}                     (A ø B)'          (A ø B ø C)'
                        (c)  (M ù N)' = {a, b, d, f, g}           4.  (a) ξ  M  N   (b)   ξ  P  Q  (c)ξ  L  K  J
                        (d)  (L ù M ù N)' = {a, b, c, d, f, g}                                R
                       Praktis Kendiri 4.1c                                (M ø N)'      (Q ø R)'   (J ø K ø L)'
                     1.  (a)  15                       (b) 30
                     2.  (a)  123                     (b) 15                 (c) 78   Praktis Kendiri 4.2c
                     3.  62                                       1.  x = 3
                     4.  16
                     5.  8                                        2.   8
                                                                  3.   11
                       Praktis Kendiri 4.2a                       4.  (a)  25     (b)  87       (c)  61
                     1.  (a)  A ø B = {b, d, k, n, p, s}          5.  94
                        (b)  A ø C = {f, g, k, l, n, p, s}          Praktis Kendiri 4.3a
                        (c)  B ø C = {b, d, f, g, l, n, s}
                        (d)  A ø B ø C = {b, d, f, g, k, l, n, p, s}   1.   M           P
                     2.  (a)  ξ  P            Q                                  N
                                         •55
                                 •54  •51  •53
                                 •60  •57  •59
                                         R
                             •52              •50                 2.  (S ø T) ù R = {3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
                                  •56    •58                      3.  (a)  P ù (Q ø R) = {3}
                        (b)  (i) P ø Q = {51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60}
                           (ii)  P ø R = {51, 53, 54, 57, 59, 60}    (b)  Q ù (P ø R) = {3, 8}
                          (iii) Q ø R = {51, 53, 55, 57, 59}         (c)  (Q ø R) P = {2, 3, 6, 7, 8}
                          (iv) P ø Q ø R = {51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60}   Praktis Kendiri 4.3b
                     3.  (a)  ξ  R      (b)  ξ  R     (c)  ξ  R
                              S             S            S        1.  (a)  L' ù (M ø N) = {13, 15, 19}
                                  T             T            T       (b)  (M ø N)' ù L = {12, 14, 18}
                                                                  2.  25
                              R ø T         R ø S       R ø S ø T  3.  (a)  ξ  J  K     (b)  ξ  J
                     4.  (a)  J ø K = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}                        L              K  L
                           J ø L = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9}
                        (b)
              Saiz sebenar
                        (c)  J ø K ø L  = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
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