Page 173 - Chinese and japanese porcelain silk and lacquer Canepa

to globular-shaped kendi. They could also be some of the numerous pieces of porcelain Sheaf and Kilburn, 1988, p. 29, pl. 17. Also see Ibid.,
Appendix A, p. 168.
sent by Philip III to Isabella Clara the following year, which included ‘912 porcelain 234 I am greatly indebted to Antonio F. Dávila Serrano,
Research and Conservation Department, Museo
plates some in gold and colours’, ‘two porcelain salts’, ‘twenty seven ewers’, and ‘six Arqueológico Regional de la Comunidad de Madrid
hundred and sixty small bowls’. in Alcalá de Henares, for providing me with images
269
and information on the shards excavated from
It is likely that Archduke Albert sent Asian objects to Ambras Castle, including three archaeological sites in Madrid. I am also
grateful to Alfonso Martín Flores, Museo de los
over 250 blue-and-white porcelain pieces and 30 Kinrande bowls. The Archduke Orígenes (former Museum of San Isidro) in Madrid,
270
probably gave porcelain to Rodrigo Niño y Lasso, 2nd Count of Añover (c.1560– for information on archaeological finds of Chinese
porcelain dating to the sixteenth and seventeenth
1620), who was his gran privado. A post-mortem inventory of Rodrigo Niño y Lasso centuries in Madrid. For a brief discussion of some
271
of these finds, see Coll Conesa, 2007, p. 129.
lists 76 pieces of porcelain along a substantial amount of jewellery, gold and silver 235 Published in Canepa, 2012/1, p. 267, fig. 18. Recently,
ware, furniture, and paintings. These included 31 ‘deep bowls’, of three different Krahe suggested that this shard formed part of a
272
Kraak plate with a rim border decoration type VI,
sizes, ‘two large bowls for soup’ and ‘six smaller’, ‘two jugs that are called deep with according to Rinaldi’s classification. Krahe, 2014,
pp. 194–195, figs. 126 and 127, and p. 194, note 723.
spouts’ and ‘other two jugs with spouts and handles like a pot’. 273 The Archduke began The fact that the duck scene is painted within a star-
to give large porcelain gifts much earlier than this; during the time he was Viceroy of shaped medallion, however, suggests that it formed
part of a dish or saucer dish, which could have
Portugal. In 1590, for instance, he sent 400 pieces of porcelain from Lisbon to his had a rim border of pomegranate or teardrop-
shaped medallions.
close friend Hans Khevenhüller, the Imperial ambassador in Spain. 236 Discussed and illustrated in Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, p.
274
There were other members of the nobility, both male and female, living in the 195, fig. 128. Comparable bowls, as noted by Krahe,
are found in the Topkapi Saray. Published in Krahl
Habsburg territories of the Southern Netherlands, who had an interest in acquiring and Ayers, 1986, Vol. 2, nos. 1666–1668, 1671, 1672,
1674–1676.
porcelain. The earliest reference is found in the household inventories and shipment 237 Other finds from this site include a shard of a
receipts of a member of the Mendoza family, the female collector Mencía de Mendoza, blue-and-white plate or dish, and of a Kraak piece.
For images, see Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, p. 198, figs. 137
Marchioness of Zenete and Duchess of Calabria (1508–1554), who at the age of and 138.
275
238 Krahe believes that the shards formed part of
16 became the third wife of Henry III, Count of Nassau-Breda (1483–1538). After a fishbowl dating to the late sixteenth or early
276
Mencía, one of the richest and best-educated women in Spain, moved to the Southern seventeenth century, by comparsion with a bowl
in the Topkapi Saray, which has been dated to
Netherlands in 1524, she assembled an outstanding collection of art and curiosities, the second half of the sixteenth century. The jar
bearing the Jiajing reign mark discussed here,
which included many pieces of porcelain. An inventory taken in 1525 of the Mendoza however, suggest that the jar dates to the early to
277
family castle in Jadraque, situated in the north-central province of Guadalajara, lists mid-sixteenth century, c.1522–1566. Krahe, 2014,
278
Vol. I, pp. 196–198, figs. 130, 132–136 for the shards
a large chest covered in leather containing ‘several porcelains’ among other items. 279 and fig. 131 for the bowl in the Topkapi Saray. For
a discussion and images of the jar in the private
A shipment receipt made at Breda Castle in 1533 mentions a black square chest, no. collection in Brazil, and one other decorated with
59, which contained porcelain among other objects. This chest appears again in a four Buddhist lions, both described as fish bowls,
280
see Pinto de Matos, 2011, pp. 82–85, nos. 32 and
shipment receipt made at Jadarque in 1535, which describes the porcelain as ‘a large 33, respectively. For the jar in the Huaihaitang
Collection, see Lai, 2012, pp. 134–135, no. 18.
white porcelain in the form of a serving dish partly painted in blue, another white 239 These shards are now housed in the Museo de los
porcelain in the form of a barrel with cover, and four porcelain small bowls and one Orígenes in Madrid. For an image and discussion
of the bowl shard, see Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, p. 200,
other broken’. These receipts show that Mencía took her porcelain in this chest fig. 141.
281
240 The plate shard bears a square mark fu gui jia ji (a
from Breda to Jadraque and then back to Breda. After becoming a widow in 1538, fine vase for the rich and honourable). Published in
282
Mencía resided permanently in Valencia, then one of the most important centres of the Gregorio I. Yánez Santiago and Ignacio Saúl-Pérez
Juana del Casal, ‘Materiales cerámicos del siglo XVI
arts and scholarly activity in Spain. Three years later, in 1541, she married Fernando al XIX en Madrid’, in Actas de las Segundas Jornadas
de Patrimonio Arqueológico en la Comunidad de
of Aragon, Duke of Calabria (1488–1550). An inventory taken in 1552–1553 of Madrid, Comunidad Autónoma, Dirección General
their Palace del Real in Valencia, lists a considerable number of pieces of porcelain, as de Patrimonio Histórico, Madrid, 2007, pp. 91–101;
and Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, pp. 200–201, fig. 142.
well as porcelain of glass or clay (barro). The pieces are described as being painted, 241 Published together with a stem cup with similar
283
‘pencil style’ decoration and fitted with silver mounts
engraved (labrada) or with gold decoration, and a few others as mounted in silver-gilt. probably made in Europe in the British Museum, in
The pieces listed as ‘a porcelain of green glass with a gold border’ and ‘two blue and Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, pp. 201–202, figs. 144 and 445,
respectively. For a discussion on the British Museum
gold porcelain ewers with their lids which have the broken spout mounted in gold’ stem cup, see Harrison-Hall, 2001, p. 279, no. 11:7.
242 These shards, now housed in the Museo
may have referred to Kinrande porcelain. Others described as ‘white and engraved Arqueológico Regional, are published in Juan
284
(labrada)’ may have been porcelain with monochrome white glaze with moulded or Gómez Hernanz and Ignacio Saúl Pérez-Juana
del Casal, Ficción y realidad en el Siglo de Oro. El
incised decoration, such as those with anhua decoration recovered from the Portuguese Quijote a través de la Arqueología, Madrid, 2005,
p. 176.
shipwreck Espadarte (1558). 243 The building of the convent, founded in 1479, had
Porcelain is also mentioned in an inventory dated 1567, which was ordered by some alterations made in 1616. Originally the
building had six shops on the lower level, which
William I of Orange-Nassau (1533–1584), when the contents of Breda Castle were opened to the Calle Mayor, the main trading centre
285
of Madrid at the time. Illustrated and discussed in
moved to Dillenburg Castle, the ancestral seat of the Orange branch of the House of Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, p. 203, fig. 147.
172 Silk, Porcelain and Lacquer
Nassau in Germany. William I, the eldest son of William, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
244 For a discussion and images of these finds, see Ibid.,
pp. 160–172. (Henry III’s younger brother) (1487–1559), was sent to the imperial court to receive
245 Krahe notes that until now, no porcelain has been
found in the provinces of the Basque Country. Ibid., education, first at the castle of the Nassau-Orange family in Breda and later at Brussels
p. 159. under the supervision of Mary of Austria, who succeeded her aunt Margaret of Austria
246 For a discussion on these finds, see Miyata
Rodríguez, 2008/1, pp. 9–10, figs. 1–8; Miyata as regent of the Netherlands, from 1531 to 1555. In 1559, William I was appointed
286
Rodríguez 2008/2 pp. 6–7, figs. 9–16; Canepa,
2012/1, p. 267; and Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, pp. 213–215. Governor of the provinces Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht. The inventory, however,
287
247 Published in Jaume Coll Conesa, ‘7.- Cerámica lists only two pieces of porcelain, which are described as ‘a white porcelain bowl with
moderna’, in Pedro Jiménez Castillo, Platería 14.
Sobre cuatro casas andalusíes y su evolución (siglos gilded foot and cover, weighing 2 marques and 6 ounces’ and ‘another porcelain blue
X-XIII), Murcia, 1997, fig. 49. For a sketch drawing see,
Ibid., catalogue no. 152. bowl with silver foot’. The bowls, probably with metal mounts, may no longer exist
288
248 For images and a discussion on these finds, see as Dillenburg Castle was destroyed in 1760 during the Seven Years War.
Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, pp. 176, 174 and 189–190.
249 For a discussion and images of the dish, see Ibid., A large quantity of porcelain appears in an inventory of Breda Castle taken in
pp. 189–190, figs. 114 and 115. As noted by Krahe,
the decoration of the central medallion of the 1619, after the death of Eleanora of Bourbon-Condé (1587–1619), wife of Prince
289
dish relates closely to that seen on a dish in the Philip William of Orange (1554–1618), eldest son of William I of Orange and his
Amaral Cabral Collection in Portugal, which bears
the mark yong bao chang chun (eternal protection first wife Anna van Egmond and Buren (1533–1558). The inventory lists 240 pieces
and long lasting spring) within a double circle.
The Espadarte (1558) examples bear the mark wan of porcelain, which were distributed in various rooms. Most of the porcelain, a
290
fu you tong (fortune abounds for everyone) within a total of 199 pieces, was kept in the ‘Princess’ Cabinet’. Some entries describe a
291
double circle.
250 Research by Álvaro Zamora has demonstrated that few pieces of unusual shapes, such as ‘2 porcelain salt cellars, one in the shape of a
the mounts have marks of Augsburg (1600-1610) and
of Pillipp Benner (from 1608). For a discussion and conch’, ‘7 small porcelain cups with a porcelain mustard pot’, ‘a collection of glasses
images of the bowl, and the marks on the mounts, and a porcelain mustard pot’, a total of 7 ‘porcelain bottles’ (one of them with silver
see Álvaro Zamora, 2006, pp. 719–746; and Krahe,
2014, Vol. I, pp. 229–231, fig. 209. The leather case mounts) and ‘6 porcelains that one calls clapmutsen’. The latter entry is of particular
292
in which the bowl is kept has been also preserved
at the Church. importance as it is the earliest known mention in an inventory of the term clapmutsen
251 A sketch drawing of the San Felipe bowl is published (klapmutsen), which was used to refer to bowls, usually made of Kraak porcelain, 293
in Von der Porten, 2011, p. 22, I–6. For images and
a discussion on the Santa Elena shards, see Linda which had rounded sides and up-turned rims. Such bowls were called klapmutsen
R. Pomper, James Legg and Chester B. DePratter,
‘Chinese porcelain from the site of the Spanish because they resembled a type of brimmed hat that was widely worn in the Netherlands
settlement of Santa Elena, 1566–1587’, Vormer uit throughout the sixteenth century. As will be shown in section 3.2.1 of this Chapter,
Vuur, 212/213, 1, 2011, p. 36, fig. 7 (described as a
plate in the caption by mistake). a Kraak klapmuts, together with a saucer-dish, a dish and a cup of the type known as
252 Published in Trenk and Vasallo e Silva, 2001, p. 43,
fig. 1; and Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, p. 104, fig. 32. ‘crow cup’, were brought into the Northern Nethrlands by a Dutch ship in 1603,
294
253 The gilded decoration of this bowl, consisiting in fine as these appear depicted in drawings from the logbook of the VOC ship Gelderland
scrolling leaves, somewhat resembles those seen on
Chinese gold filigree jewellery, such as the examples (Fig. 3.2.1.2a, b and c).
295
found in the Spanish shipwreck Nuestra Señora de la
Concepción, which sank in 1638 (Appendix 3). The In Antwerp, a city jointly governed by Archduke Albert and Isabella Clara
gilded decoration can also be stylistically related between 1598 and 1621, a number of male and female Dutch or Flemish residents
to the gilded scrolls and flowers seen on some
carved ivory figures made in the Philippines. The owned and/or were involved in the porcelain trade as early as the late sixteenth century.
bowl, which still preserves its original leather case,
will be discussed and illustrated in a forthcoming Recently examined probate inventories of ten Antwerp residents, taken between 1574
publication by Rose Kerr. and 1593, list a small number of pieces of porcelain among their household items. 296
254 Sargent, however, has suggested that the gilded
decoration was applied in Europe, possibly in the Eight residents, from four different social groups (middle to upper class), owned up to
early eighteenth century. For a discussion and
images of the dish, see Sargent, 2012, pp. 51–52, three pieces. The other two, Maria Muliers (1579) and Jacobyne Meeus (1593), who
no. 4. both belonged to the highest social group (households containing at least 16 rooms),
255 For this opinion, see Álvaro Zamora, 2006, pp.
744–745. owned over ten pieces each. The probate inventory of Cornelis I Grameye (Grammaye),
256 Published in Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, p. 232, fig. 214.
257 Published in The Chinese University of Hong Kong, drawn up in 1600, lists six pieces in the ‘Large lower room’: ‘a small porcelain bowl
Yuan and Ming Blue-and-White Ware from Jiangxi, with gilded handles and foot’, probably mounted in silver-gilt; ‘a decorated porcelain
Hong Kong, 2002, ill. 73. Mentioned, together with a
similar example in the Capital Museum in Beijing, in charger with an ewer’ and ‘three porcelain fruit dishes decorated on the white’. The
Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, p. 232.
258 See Lai, 2012, pp. 152–153, no. 27. 1606 inventory of Servaas Wouters mentions that he was a merchant of mirrors, glass,
259 Published in Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, p. 233, fig. 215. earthenware and porcelain. The inventory of Jan Damant drawn up in 1610 lists
297
260 According to the study by Krahe, they would
probably have used tin-glazed earthenware from among the contents of a ‘Small room next to the glass cabinet’: ‘a beautiful large
Talavera bearing the noble owner’s coat of arms
for the second-best dinner set or sets for the use of porcelain dish’, and that of Catharina Court’s drawn up in 1616 mentions that she ‘…
their retainers. Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, pp. 151–153. leaves and bequeaths to Jan Nicolaï the Yonger her two pieces of porcelain with silver
261 Margaret of Austria was by her two marriages
Princess of Asturias and Duchess of Savoy. In 1496, feet and also all her other porcelains’.
298
when Margaret married John, Prince of Asturias, the
only son and heir of the King of Spain, Ferdinand II of It is not surprising that members of the Portuguese community in Antwerp owned
Trade in Chinese Porcelain 173