Page 175 - Chinese and japanese porcelain silk and lacquer Canepa
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Cédulas de Paso, no. 365, folio 43r. Valladolid, 1
            considerably larger quantities of porcelain. Portuguese merchants began to settle in   Aragón and Queen Isabella I of Castile, she left the                 April 1602. Pérez de Tudela and Jordan Gschwend,   fifty Portuguese earthenware vases’. Another walled credenza contained ‘one ivory box
                                                                                           Netherlands for Spain.
                                                                                                                                                                        2001, Appendix A, p. 93. Mentioned in Canepa,
                                                                                           I
            Antwerp after Manuel I established an official royal factory in the city in 1501. 299   262   n the first room of Margaret’s cabinets is listed ‘A          2014/1, p. 32.                    as Doctor Costa’s pledge, forty-eight Portuguese earthenware vases, one large porcelain
                                                                                           quite beautiful porcelain pot without lid and tending                     269   Pérez de Tudela and Jordan Gschwend, 2001,
            They became actively involved in the trade of commodities from the Portuguese   towards grey’. Margaret also kept porcelain in the                          Appendix B, pp. 122 and 124. Mentioned in Canepa,   vase with cover, five large porcelain dishes, three more [dishes] even larger also in
            overseas territories in Asia, Africa and the New World, and thus made Antwerp the   so-called ‘Garden’ or ‘Coral cabinet’, which served                     2014/1, p. 32. A year later, in 1604, Albert received   porcelain, one porcelain washbasin, two small bowls and three dishes all of them in
                                                                                           to house and display part of her valuable collection.
                                                                                                                                                                        some porcelain from Catarraxa. AGS, Valladolid,
            principal market for selling the spices they imported into Europe. 300  The porcelain   Three pieces kept in this cabinet were embellished                  Cámara de Castilla, Libro de Cédulas de Paso, no.   porcelain’.  As Novoa observes, António da Fonseca’s exquisite tastes and interests
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                                                                                           with silver mounts: ‘Another porcelain ewer with a                           365, folio 146r. Catarraxa, 10 January 1602. Pérez de
            they imported, however, was still rarely available for sale in Antwerp in the early 1550s.   well modelled silver-gilt lid, foot and handle’ and            Tudela and Jordan Gschwend, 2001, Appendix A, p.   reflect his vast wealth and social standing as Mercatore Romanam Curiam Sequentes,
                                                                                                                                                                        94. Mentioned in Canepa, 2014/1, p. 32.
            It is recorded that only a single chest of porcelain was imported by sea from Portugal   ‘Two other ewers of a type of blue porcelain with               270   Jordan Gschwend, 1998, pp. 218-219; and Canepa,   designation given to all merchant bankers who dealt with the Apostolic Chamber in
                                                                                           silver-gilt lids’. There is also ‘A  beautiful wide-
            in 1552–1553.                                                                  mouthed cup in white porcelain with a lid,  and                              2014/1, p. 32.                    Rome, and prove that he maintained close ties with his homeland and its commercial
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                                                                                           painted  figures  of  men  and  women  all  around’.                      271   Dries Raeymaekers, ‘The “Gran Privado” of Archduke
                 An extensive probate inventory of Isabel da Vega, the wife of the Portuguese   Listed in the chapel is ‘A beautiful large blue                         Albert. Rodrigo Niño y Lasso, Count of Añover (ca.   interests in Asia.  It is likely that Fonseca acquired this large number of pieces of
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        311
            merchant banker Emmanuel Ximenes (1564–1632), taken in Antwerp between June    porcelain pot with two silver rings’. A transcription                        1560–1620)’, in René Vermeir, Maurits Ebben and   porcelain through Antwerp or Lisbon.
                                                                                           of the inventory is published in Eleanor E. Tremayne,
                                                                                                                                                                        Raymond Fagel (eds.),  Agentes e Identidades en
            13 and 28 of 1617, following her death on May 18, mentions a number of pieces of   The First Governess of The Netherlands, Margaret of                      Movimiento. España y los Países Bajos, siglos XVI-  Recent research into probate inventories of seventeenth century Antwerp residents
                                                                                           Austria, New York, 1908, pp. 305–327; and Dagmar                             XVII, Madrid, 2011, p. 145. Mentioned in Canepa,
            porcelain among her belongings.  Emmanuel Ximenes, a Knight of the Equestrian   Eichberger,  Leben mit Kunst, Wirken durch Kunst.                           2014, p. 32.                      has revealed that by 1630 a large proportion of households belonging to six different
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                                                                                                                                                                        I
            Order of Saint Stephen, belonged to a wealthy family who formed part of a powerful   Sammelwesen und Hofkunst unter Margarete von                        272   nstituto Valencia de Don Juan, manuscrito 26–I–11,   socio-economic groups owned at least 8 pieces of porcelain. The porcelain, as shown
                                                                                           Österreich, Regentin der Niederlande, Turnhout,
                                                                                                                                                                        fols. 53–92. Inbentario de los bienes y hazienda que
            network of Portuguese New Christian  family businesses in Lisbon, Seville, Cádiz,   2002, pp. 132 and 364. Mentioned in Canepa,                             quedaron por fin y muerte del Sr. Conde de Añover   in Fonseca’s inventory, was used for display in representative rooms of the house. 312
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                                                                                           2014/1, pp. 29 and 32. I am grateful to Prof. Dr.                            en los Estados de Flandes. I am greatly indebted
            Florence, Venice, Hamburg and Goa, among others, which developed close ties to   Dagmar Eichberger, Institut für Europäische                                to Dries Raeymaekers, Radboud University, The   Visual sources attest to the presence of various pieces of porcelain in Antwerp at the
            the Habsburg courts in Brussels and Madrid as well as the Medici in Florence.  He   Kunstgeschichte, for providing me with information                      Netherlands, for providing me with the pages of the   time. For instance, a painting by the Antwerp artist Willem van Haecht (1593–1637),
                                                                              304
                                                                                           on Margaret of Austria’s collection. For further
                                                                                                                                                                        inventory listing porcelain and white silver.
            assembled a splendid collection of art and scientific objects in his second residence on   bibliographical references for Margaret of Austria’s          273   Mentioned in Canepa, 2014/1, pp. 32–33.   Appelles Painting Campaspe of c.1630, depicting the art gallery of Apelles with people
                                                                                           inventory, see Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, p. 92, note 339.                      274   Madrid Biblioteca Nacional, Ms. 2751, Kevenhüller,
            the Antwerp Meir. In the 1617 inventory, the porcelain is listed in two of the rooms of   263   Van  Orley  is  listed  in  the  ordinance  of  1525  as    folio 674r. December 1590. Pérez de Tudela and   admiring a large collection of paintings, sculptures and other works of art, including
            the residence.  Among the contents of a room described as the ‘small porcelain room’   Bernard Dorleck. See, Emmanuel de Quinsonas,                         Jordan Gschwend, 2001, p. 8, note 51 and Appendix   a lady holding a blue-and-white porcelain bowl in her hand and kneeling beside a
                        305
                                                                                           Matériaux  pour  server  à  l’histoire  de  Margerite
                                                                                                                                                                        A, pp. 71–72. Mentioned in Canepa, 2014/1, p. 33.
            (porceleynkamerken) are listed 53 items of porcelain, including ‘Eleven porcelain bowls,   d’Autriche, duchesse de Savoie, régente des Pays-             275   Mencía was the daughter of Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar   wooden cabinet with an open door that reveals several pieces of porcelain kept on the
                                                                                           Bas, vol. 3, Paris 1860, p. 290. After Margaret’s death                      y Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Zenete (d. 1523) and his
            among them both large and small’, ‘Eighteen porcelain dishes, some broken’; ‘Three   in 1530, Van Orley was appointed court painter by                      second wife Maria de Fonseca and Toledo (d. 1521).   interior shelves of the lower section (Figs. 3.1.3.6a and b). On the floor, beside her
                                                                                                                                                                        Mentioned in Canepa, 2014/1, p. 33.
            large and three smaller porcelain dishes’; ‘A broken porcelain bowl’; ‘A small porcelain   her niece and successor as regent, Mary of Austria            276   Henry III, a member of the Great Council at   are displayed five pieces of blue-and-white porcelain. At least three of them appear to
                                                                                           (r. 1531–1555). For the Annunciation painting and
            box’; and ‘Five porcelain saucers,  three of which are broken’.  One wonders if the   a comparable porcelain ewer, see A. I. Spriggs,                       Margaret of Austria’s court in Mechelen and later   be Kraak porcelain: a large dish with a panelled border, a globular-shaped kendi with
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                                                                 307
                                                                                           ‘Oriental Porcelain in Western Paintings 1450–1700’,                         Chamberlain of Emperor Charles V, occupied an
            ‘small porcelain room’ would have been specially designed to display the porcelain.   Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society, vol. 36,                important position in the Burgundian-Netherlands.   a panelled body mounted in gilt, and a klapmuts with monster-masks on the rim. A
                 Emmanuel Ximenes and his neighbour, Peter Paul Rubens, had an international   1964–1966, p. 74, pl. 60 a-c. Mentioned in Canepa,                       His principal residences were Breda Castle, which   still life composition Allegory of Fire by Adriaen van Utrecht (1599–1652), signed and
                                                                                           2014/1, p. 32.
                                                                                                                                                                        had been owned by the Nassau family since the
            network of acquaintances. The same can be said of Albrecht Dürer, who while in   264   Barbara  Welzel,  ‘Armory and  Archducal  Image:                     first half of the fifteenth century, and a palace in   dated 1636, depicts on a table covered with a fine cloth six pieces of Kraak porcelain
                                                                                           The Sense of Touch from the Five Senses of Jan                               Brussels where he housed a collection of paintings.
            Antwerp from 1520 to 1521, became an acquaintance of the Portuguese factor, João   Brueghel and Peter Paul Rubens’, in Werner Thomas                        Mentioned in Canepa, 2014/1, p. 33.  alongside goblets made of marine shells or rock crystal, as well as locally produced
            Brandão (1509–1514 and again from 1520–1526) and his secretary and successor,   and Luc Duerloo (eds.), Albert & Isabella 1598–1621,                     277   The connection between Asian material, specifically   glass, gold and silver objects, all luxury goods linked to Antwerp’s intercontinental
                                                                                           Essays, Turnhout, 1998, p. 99; and Barbara Welzel,
                                                                                                                                                                        porcelain, and the collection of Mencía de Mendoza
            Rodrigo Fernandez d’Almada. Dürer received ‘three pieces of porcelain’ as gifts from   ‘Los cuadros de los cinco sentidos de Jan Brueghel                   was originally presented by Dr. Mari-Tere Alvarez   trade (Fig. 3.1.3.7).  The porcelain depicted on this still life painting, probably dating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          313
                                                                                           como  espejo  de  la cultura  de  la  corte  de  Alberto                     to the Mendoza project team in 2006 (Oaxaca,
            Brandão, and ‘an ivory whistle and a very pretty piece of porcelain’ from Lorenz Sterck,   e  Isabel  Clara  Eugenia’,  in  Vergara,  1999,  p.  95.        Mexico). Based on the team’s research, Mencía’s   to the Wanli/Tianqi reign, includes two large dishes of different sizes with panelled
            treasurer of the provinces of Brabant and Antwerp.                             Mentioned in Canepa, 2014/1, p. 32. I am indebted                            collection of porcelain and its connection with   borders of a type similar to those on board the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción when
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                                                                                           to Annemarie Jordan Gschwend, independent
                                                                                                                                                                        Asia was presented in the talk ‘The Significance of
                 The inventories of the belongings of another prominent Portuguese New Christian   scholar, for suggesting these bibliographical                        Chinese  Art  in  Spanish  Aristocracy’  given  at  the   it sank in 1638 off Saipan, which will be discussed in section 3.3.1.1 of this Chapter,
                                                                                           references.                                                                  Renaissance Society of America in 2009. Mentioned
            merchant banker, António da Fonseca (c.1515–1588), shows that porcelain circulated   265   The Sense of Taste depicts an open gallery with a                in Canepa, 2014/1, p. 33. I am greatly indebted   a small saucer-dish with a star-shaped medallion, two bowls with a border of flying
            to other important cities of continental Europe that had an Iberian (Portuguese and   table and a sideboard displaying precious glass and                   to  Mari-Tere  Alvarez,  J.  Paul  Getty  Museum,   horses below the rim (for a Kraak bowl with a similar rim border, see Fig. 3.2.2.5)
                                                                                           metal objects, while  Kraak porcelain is portrayed
                                                                                                                                                                        for providing me with extracts from Mencía de
            Spanish) community as early as the 1580s. These documents, compiled a few months   filled with fruit and other foods. There is a small                      Mendoza’s unpublished inventories.  and an elephant-shaped kendi decorated with a saddle-cloth depicting a horse on a
                                                                                           bowl with silver-gilt mounts, a large dish, two saucer                    278   Mencía de Mendoza and Henry III resided at
            before his death in Februray of 1588, reveal that his stately house in Rome (where he   dishes, a plate with panelled borders, and a dish                   Jadraque Castle for seven months after their   terrace, which is similarly modelled to that recovered from the shipwreck San Diego
            lived from 1556 until he died) contained a large quantity of exotic objects in precious   with a pomegranate border, such as those known to                 wedding. In the succeeding years, Mencía returned   (1600).  The paintings discussed above indicate that by the 1630s porcelain was still
                                                                                                                                                                                                                314
                                                                                           have been on board the Nossa Senhora dos Mártires
                                                                                                                                                                        numerous  times to  reside there.  Mentioned in
            materials  from  Asia,  including  porcelain, mother-of-pearl,  coconut  and tortoise. 309   when it wrecked en route to Lisbon in 1606. The                Canepa, 2014/1, p. 33.            valued more as an imported curiosity than for its practical function, thus worth of
                                                                                           Sense of Smell, showing the court gardens, depicts                        279   Cited in Juana Hidalgo Ogáyar, ‘Doña Mencía de
            An inventory, drawn up in Italian, lists a total of 526 pieces of porcelain that are   two pieces of  Kraak porcelain in the foreground.                    Mendoza y su residencia en el castillo de Jadraque’,   being depicted in paintings alongside other luxury goods or being exhibited alongside
            described as being of both fine and ordinary quality, which were displayed in wooden   They are the same bottle and large vase that                         Archivo Español de Arte 310, 2005, p. 188. This   paintings, sculptures and books in the art galleries of wealthy merchants of Antwerp to
                                                                                           appear in the  Sense of Sight, but in this painting
                                                                                                                                                                        unpublished inventory, dated 24 January 1525, is
            credenzas. One contained ‘a porcelain bowl with  mirabolana [?]’; and ‘one basket   they are filled with flowers. Afonso, 1998; Canepa,                     housed at the Archivo del Palau, Marquesado del   be both studied and admired by the owner himself as well as by visitors.
                                                                                           2008–2009, pp. 62–63, fig. 1; Canepa, 2012/1, p. 263;                        Zenete (hereafter cited as APMZ), leg. 122–20. This
            with eight small dishes and one large all in porcelain as well as two porcelain bowls’.   and Canepa, 2014/1, p. 32.                                        inventory lists the objects belonging to Mencía that   From the textual and visual sources discussed above one can conclude that
            Another credenza, described as from albuccio, contained ‘twenty-one large porcelain   266   The  chakra, the Sanskrit word for wheel, is                    had been taken from Ayora (Mencía’s residence in   porcelain was much more readily available and appreciated in the Habsburg territories
                                                                                           represented as a flaming disc or wheel and is one
                                                                                                                                                                        Valencia before her marriage) to Jadraque. The
            dishes, seven half-sized porcelain dishes, one-hundred-and-two low quality porcelain   of the Eight Buddhist Emblems. It represents                         legajo also includes another inventory drawn up a   of the Southern Netherlands than in Spain. Porcelain began to be acquired by the
                                                                                           the  teachings  of  the  Buddha,  thus  is  a  symbol  of                    few days earlier, on 6 January, which does not list any
            dishes, a large gourd-shaped vase in low quality porcelain, twenty-five porcelain   enlightenment. It also symbolises sovereignty as it                     porcelain objects.                Habsburg governors, high-ranking  nobility and affluent  merchants  as early as the
            vases of different kinds, seven large porcelain bowls, twenty four small bowls also   is one of the attributes of the Hindu God, Vishnu.                 280   APMZ, leg. 122–5, Inventarios de las alhajas y ropas   sixteenth century. Porcelain, with or without metal mounts, was displayed throughout
                                                                                           Mentioned in Vinhais and Welsh, 2008/2, p. 277.
                                                                                                                                                                        entregadas a Vicente, conserje de la casa de Breda
            in porcelain, one large eight-sided porcelain bowl with cover, two small gilded ivory   267   The shard, excavated at site DP-1, is published in            y a maestre Lorenzo por Agustín Cuellar para llevar   the living apartments or in the cabinet of curiosities. Visual sources suggest that the
                                                                                           Cheng, 2009, p. 106, fig. 68.                                                por la mar. Año 1533, folio 4r. Mentioned in Canepa,
            boxes, seventeen small saucer dishes, two majolica cups, one porcelain covered bowl,   268   AGS, Valladolid, Cámara de Castilla, Libro de                  2014/1, p. 33.                    porcelain imported was all blue-and-white from Jingdezhen, and that from the early
            174                                                                          Silk, Porcelain and Lacquer                                                                Trade in Chinese Porcelain                                                                 175
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