Page 73 - American English File Student Book 3A

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2B GRAMMAR BANK

present perfect + for/since, present perfect continuous 1 W e use the present perfect continuous w ith /o r
and since w ith a c tio n v e rb s (e.g., learn, work, go,
present perfect + f o r / s in ce etc.) to talk about actions that started in the past
and are s till true now.
T h e y ’ve known each other for ten years. 1 47)))
• D o n 't use the present continuous w ith /o r/
Julia h a s h a d that bag since she was in college. since, N O T l am workingherefor twoyears.
A H o w long h a ve you worked here? 2 W e can also use the present perfect continuous
B Since 1996. fo r continuous o r repeated actions that have been
happening very recently. T h e actions have usually
A H o w long h a s you r brother h a d h is m otorcycle?
just finished.
B F o r about a year.
I’ve (I have)
• W e use the present perfect +for o r since w ith n o n a c tio n v e rb s (e.g., like, You’ve (You have)
have, know, etc.) to talk about som ething that started in the past and is He / She / It’s (He has) been working here
for two years.
s till true now. We’ve (We have)
They’ve (They have)
They’ve known each other for tenyears. (= they m et ten years ago, and they
s till know each other today)
I haven’t (I have not)
• W e use How long...? + present perfect to ask about an un fin ish e d period You haven’t
o f tim e (from the past u n til now). He / She / It hasn't been working here
for two years.
• W e use for + a period o f tim e, e.g., for two weeks, o r since + a po in t o f tim e, We haven’t
e.g., since 1990. They haven’t
• D o n 't use the sim ple present w ith for / since, N O T They know each other
Have you been working Yes, No,
fo r nIongtime.
here for two years? 1 have. 1 haven’t.
Has she been working Yes, No,
present perfect continuous: have / h as b e e n + verb + -ing
here for two years? she has. she hasn’t.
1 H o w long have you been learning E n g lish ? 1 48)))
N ic k has been working here since A p ril. work and live
T h e y ’ve been going out together fo r about three years. Work and live are often used in either present
2 Y o u r eyes are red. Have you been crying? perfect or present perfect continuous with
the same meaning.
N o , I’ve been cutting onions.
I’ve lived here since 1980.
I’ve been living here since 1980.

a C o r r e c t th e m ista k e s. b M a k e sen ten ces w ith th e p re se n t p e rfe c t o r p re se n t
p e rfe c t c o n tin u o u s (a n d /o r / since i f necessary). U s e the
H a r r y is u n em ployed since la st year.
p re se n t p e rfe c t c o n tin u o u s i f p o ssib le .
Harry has been unemployed since last year
I / w o rk fo r a c h a rity / eight years
1 W e've had o u r new a p artm en t sin ce s ix m onth s.
I’ve been working fo r a charity fo r eight years.
2 H i, Jackie! H o w are you ? I d o n ’t see you fo r ages!
1 w e / k n o w each o th e r / w e w ere c h ild re n
3 H o w lo n g are you k n o w in g y o u r husband?
4 E m ily has been a vo lu n te e r fo r ten years ago. 2 the c h ild re n / p lay co m p u te r gam es / tw o hours
3 y o u r sister / have th at h a irsty le / a lo n g tim e?
5 Paul doesn’t eat an ythin g since yesterday because he's sick.
6 It hasn't ra in e d sin ce tw o m onth s. 4 1/ love her / the firs t day w e m et
5 m y In tern et c o n n e ctio n / n o t w o rk / yesterday
7 H o w lo n g has y o u r paren ts been m a rrie d ?
8 T h e y ’re h a v in g th e ir d og sin ce th ey got m a rried . 6 h o w lo n g / you / w ait?
7 I / be a teacher / th ree years
9 I haven’t gotten any e m a ils fro m m y b ro th e r for
la st w inter. 8 it / sn ow / fiv e o ’c lo c k th is m o rn in g
10 M y g ra n d m o th e r liv e s in the sam e house a ll her life. 9 S am / n o t study enough / recen tly
10 y o u / liv e in C h ic a g o / a lo n g tim e?

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