Page 28 - Pharmacology Mnemonics and Short Notes

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 Amine oxidation  catecholamine (as catecholamine
have amine group)

 Dehydrogenation  ethanol

 Reduction
o Easters  aspirin
o Amides  Lidocaine

Phase II (Synthetic) reactions Functional group or metabolite
formed by phase I is conjugated with natural endogenous
constituent as glucuronic acid, glutathione, sulphate, acetic acid,

glycine or methyl group.
 Glucouronidation  DAM Gluco

o D Diazepam and digoxin
o A  Acetaminophen

o M  Morphine
 Glycine conjugation  GlyciNe  Nicotine

 Sulphation  methyldopa
 Methylation  Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and

histamine
 Acetylation  isoniazid
Most of drugs pass through phase I only or phase II only or phase I then
pphase II.

Results of drug metabolism
1. Conversion of active drug into an inactive metabolite.
2. Conversion of active to another active substance.
3. Conversion of pro-drug (drug given is inactive) to an active

metabolite.
4. Conversion to a toxic compound.
Liver is the main organ for drug metabolism using liver microsomal P 450

enzymes.
Hepatic Metabolism depends on
1. Hepatic function: diseased liver is unable to metabolize drugs as
healthy one.
Contents

Pharmacology Mnemonics and Short Notes By Muhammad Ramzan Ul Rehman