Page 70 - English Grammar and Composition-Student Textbook short

Study Section 20: Citations

20.1 Connect

A citation is where credit is given to the author of an original thought, communication, or
written product. Citations vary according to the citation system decided upon by one’s
college, university, or professor. Different systems are commonly used by different
disciplines such as language departments, sciences, or social sciences. Common citation
systems include MLA (Modern Language Association), APA (American Psychological
Association), Turabian, Oxford, and Harvard. Any of these systems can be accessed online.

20.2 Notes and bibliography style citations

The notes and bibliography style is popular in the humanities—including literature, history, and the
arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to
a raised (superscript) number in the text. The source is listed at the bottom of the page. Sources are
also usually listed in a separate bibliography. This system is very flexible and can easily accommodate
a wide variety of sources. The notes at the end of each page vary somewhat from end of paper
citations.

 Example of number in the body of the paper:
Mary Rowlandson was in captivity for some eleven weeks.
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 The NOTE at the bottom of the page will look like the following:
1. Mary Rowlandson, “The Narrative of My Captivity,” in The Making of the
American Essay, ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 19–
20.
 Thereafter, when citing the same reference on the same page, a SHORTENED NOTE will be used
as follows:
2. Rowlandson, “Captivity,” 48.

Note the parentheses around the city of publication and publisher in a note versus in an end of paper
citation. The above citation and some of the following was taken from
https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/turabian-notes-and-bibliography-citation-quick-
guide.html. See the works cited section at the end of your workbook.

For a reference containing more than three authors, the note at the bottom of the page uses the author’s full
name and the term et al. which means “and others”. The note and subsequent note will look like the
following:
1. Jeri A. Sechzer et al., eds., Women and Mental Health (Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 243.
Subsequent Note:
2. Author Surname et al., Book Title, page #.

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