Page 71 - English Grammar and Composition-Student Textbook short

20.3 Using an internal citation

An internal citation or parenthetical citation is a set method (depending on the citation style being used) of
giving credit to the sources used within your paper. The internal citation is then expanded at the end of your
paper in your ‘Works Cited’ section.

When using a direct quote, list the author’s last name and date of publication, followed by a comma and then
the page number.
 Example: Archeological curation is defined as, “The process of developing a space to house a
collection along with an appropriate labeling and filing systems involved” (Malruny 2000, 1).
 “Lifestyles have been changing for many decades as was summarized “(Jones and Smith 1999).
 “The space needed for bitcoin storage is immense” (Jones, Thomas, and Silvas 2002, 45).

When using the author’s name in the sentence, only the year and page are required.
 Example: According to Malruny (2000, 1), archeological curation is defined as, “The process of
developing a space to house a collection along with an appropriate labeling and filing systems
involved.”

When summarizing or paraphrasing someone’s work in your own words, you must cite the author and the
date of publication.
Example:
 Each state is and always has been responsible for educational policy (Thomas 2010).

If a work has 4 or more authors, cite only the surname of the first-listed author followed by et al. anywhere
the reference occurs in the text .
Examples:
 Site testing and resulting excavations described by Larsen et al. (2011) point to a further need for
intensive survey and field work.
 Site testing and the resulting excavations that were described point to a further need for
intensive survey and field work (Larson et al. 2011).

End of paper citations
• Book Author's Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. Title of book italicized with important
words capitalized. City of Publication: Publisher. Lines after the first line of the citation are
indented.

Example:
 Clark, Clarence. 2006. Iron Kingdom: the Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947.
Cambridge: Belknap Press.

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