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196 Notes to Pages 134–140

121 . Saraswati, “‘Akbar Tried to Make Me Lie.’”
122 . Wens Manggut, Levianer Silalahi, and Ecep S. Yasa, “Buloggate II: Forty Billion Lies,”
Tempo , May 14–20, 2002.
123 . Annastashya Emmanuelle, “Ruling Party Hesitant to Investigate Akbar,” JP , June 5,
2002.
124 . Muninggar Sri Saraswati, “Witness Admits Telling Lies to Save Akbar,” JP , May 8,
2002.
125 . Tertiani Z. B. Simanjuntak, “Habibie’s Testimony Damaging for Akbar,” JP , May 21,
2002.

126 . Nafik and Fabiola Desy Unidjaja, “‘How Can House Be Led by a Convicted Crimi-
nal?,’” JP , September 6, 2002.
127 . Andreas Harsono, “Indonesian Journalists Troubled by Return of Ministry of Infor-
mation,” Freedom Forum , August 22, 2001.
128 . Ibid.
129 . “Indonesia’s Media: Freedom or Professionalism?,” Laksamana.Net , December 10,
2001, http://joyonews.org/JoyoNews.php?link=48361 .
130 . Kurniawan Hari, “Govt Moves to Rein In Press,” JP , December 7, 2001.
131 . Kurniawan Hari, “Press Council Asks to Handle Disputes,” JP , December 8, 2001.
132 . Article 19, “Freedom of Expression and the Media in Indonesia,” Article 19 (London
and Jakarta: AJI, 2005), 44.
133 . Lindsay Murdoch, “Timor’s Lost Children,” Age (Melbourne), June 18, 2001.
134 . Lindsay Murdoch, “The Horror of Aceh: The Day the Soldiers Came,” Age (Mel-
bourne), May 14, 2001.
135 . Quoted in “Media ‘Ready to Fight’ for Freedoms,” Laksamana.Net , March 26, 2002,
http://joyonews.org/JoyoNews.php?link=53230 .
136 . “ A Chill Wind in Jakarta,” editorial, WSJ , April 2, 2002.
137 . “New Ministers Commend Role of Public Criticism,” JP , November 4, 1999.
138 . Achmad Sukarsono, “Indonesia’s Megawati Puts Up More Barriers against Media,”
Reuters, January 29, 2002.
139 . Quoted ibid.
140 . Quoted in “Media ‘Ready to Fight.’”
141 . “Source of Presidential Donation Questioned,” JP , March 19, 2002.
142 . Kurniawan Hari, “House Leaders Rule Akbar Will Retain Speakership,” JP , March 27,
2002.
143 . “Megawati’s Military Donation Explained,” Laksamana.Net , March 28, 2002, http://
joyonews.org/JoyoNews.php?link=53346 .
144 . Ray Anthony Gerungan, “Why Megawati Deserves Another Term,” JP , October 15,
2003.
145 . Andreas Ufen, “Political Parties in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Between Politik Aliran and
‘Philippinisation,’” South East Asia Research 16 (2008): 1.
146 . In late 1999, Transparency International’s annual “demand-side corruption index”
gave Indonesia a rating of only 1.7, tied for last place with Azerbaijan out of the 99 Asian-
Pacifi c countries included. Eduardo Lachica, “Exporters’ Bribery Habits Are Scrutinized in
Asia,” AWSJ , October 26, 1999.

8. Media and Civil Society

1 . Madeleine Albright, speech delivered at the conference “Towards a Community of
Democracies,” Warsaw, June 26, 2000, quoted in Jane Perlez, “Vast Rally for Democracy Opens
in a Polish Castle,” NYT , December 26, 2000.
2 . Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern

Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 12.

3 . Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Lipset, Democracy in Developing Countries:
Latin America (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reiner, 1989), 8; Larry Diamond, “Elections without Democ-
racy: Thinking about Hybrid Regimes,” Journal of Democracy 13 (April 2002): 21–25.
4 . This exercise characterizes what theorists have termed “electoral authoritarianism.”

See, for example, Andreas Schedler, The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral
Authoritarianism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).