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200 Notes to Pages 154–160

86 . Quoted ibid.
87 . “History of Corruption: Different Generations of Chaebol Implicated in Scandals,”

Hankyoreh , December 6, 2016.
88 . “Donations to Mir, K-Sports Need Scrutiny,” Korea Times , September 23, 2016; Eliza-
beth Shim, “South Korea Leader’s Friend Had Access to Secrets, Relayed ‘Messages’ from Late
Mom,” UPI, October 26, 2016.
89 . Quoted in Choe Sang-hun and Motoko Rich, “How South Korea Ended Up on the
Brink of Ousting a President,” NYT , January 3, 2017.
90 . Yoonjung Seo, “The South Korean Political Scandal Started with a Card Game in
Macau,” WP , November 6, 2016.
91 . Chung Hyun-chae, “Scandal Unveils Choi Soon-sil’s ‘Boy Toy,’” Korea Times , October 30,
2016.
92 . Choe Sang-hun, “Key Figure in Scandal’s Latest Twist Is a Puppy,” NYT , December 10,
2016.
93 . “Donations to Mir.”
94 . Jung Min-ho, “How the Choi Soon-sil Scandal Unfolded,” Korea Times , January 8,
2016.
95 . Choe Sang-hun, “South Korea’s Blacklist of Artists Adds to Outrage over a Scandal,”
NYT , January 13, 2017.
96 . Choe Sang-hun, “Korea Vote Puts Nation in Limbo,” NYT , December 10, 2016; Choe
and Rich, “How South Korea Ended Up.”
97 . Se-Woong Koo, “The Choi Soon-sil Gate: The Saddest Political Drama Ever Told,”
Korea Exposé , November 1, 2016.
98 . James Seo, “James Seo’s Answer to Why Are South Koreans So Angry with Their
President That 1 Million Protesters Took to the Street,” Quora.com , December 8, 2016, https://
www.quora.com/Why-are-South-Koreans-so-angry-with-their-President-that-1-million-
protesters-took-to-the-street .
99 . “Restoring Trust in South Korea,” editorial, NYT , December 10, 2016.
100 . Anna Fifield, “Here Is Everything You Need to Know about South Korea’s Extraordi-

nary Presidential Scandal,” WP , November 3, 2016.
101 . Quoted in Choe and Rich, “How South Korea Ended Up.”
102 . Howard Tumber and Silvio R. Waisbord, “Introduction: Political Scandals and Media
Across Democracies, Volume I,” American Behavioral Scientist 47, no. 8 (2004): 1031–32, 1035.
103 . Silvio Waisbord, “Scandals, Media and Citizenship in Contemporary Argentina,”
American Behavioral Scientist 25, no. 3 (2004): 1072–98.
104 . Pippa Norris, A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Post-industrial Democracies
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 19.
105 . Sheila Coronel, “Corruption and the Watchdog Role of the News Media,” in Public
Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform , ed. Pippa Norris, 111–36 (Washington, DC: World
Bank, 2010).
106 . Sheila Coronel, “People Power Fatigue: Democracy and Disillusionment in the Phil-
ippines,” Friday Forum lecture, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin–
Madison, April 18, 2008.
107 . Norris, Virtuous Circle ; J. Samuel Valenzuela, “Democratic Consolidation in Post-transitional
Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions,” in Issues in Democratic Consolidation:
The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective , ed. Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo
O’Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela (Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame Press: 1992), 62.
108 . In Ukraine, the brutal murder of a journalist critical of the regime, Georgy Gongadze,
in 2000 became a potent symbol to mobilize the democratic opposition. C. J. Chivers, “Yush-
chenko Steps Out Presidentially; Rival Grumbles,” NYT , December 30, 2004; Tom Warner,
“Ukraine Journalists Tell Government of Fear on the Job,” WSJ Europe , September 28, 2000;
Charles Clover, “Ukraine’s President ‘Linked to Missing Journalist,’ MPs Told,” FT , December
13, 2000.
109 . Bambang Harymurti, interview with author, Jakarta, July 4, 2009.
110 . Goenawan Mohamad, Sidelines: Thought Pieces from “Tempo” Magazine , trans. Jennifer
Lindsay (Jakarta: Lontar, 1994), 73.
111 . See Jeffrey A. Winters, Oligarchy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).