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ayonf/
EdkifcJhMuavonf/
om;(e,fcsJU)rsm;u
wnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;udk
vufvGwfqkH;½IH;Mu&onf/
ordkif;awmufajymifcJhonf/
tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk
EdkifiHwdkif;rS
vk,uf,liifoGm;ayNyD/
&Sif;&Sif;pmay
rl&if;EdkifiHom;rsm;u
tpD&ifcHyg&ap
olYuRefb0a&muf&onf/
xdkYaMumifh
vlrsKd;wdkif;toufay;í
ydkifqdkifaeorQ?
tcsKyftjcmtmPm
cGifhrSeforQ qkH;½IH;&ayNyD/ rdrdwdkYydkifqdkifaom tcsKyftjcmtmPm&yfBuD;udk wdkif;wpfyg;
umuG,fapmifha&SmufMu&
xm0&
vGwfvyfaomEdkfifiHjzpfayonf/ wdkif;wpfyg;u (wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufíjzpfap)
jrefrmwdkYonf 1825 ckESpfrSpí EdkifiH\tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk t*Fvdyf (NAdwdoQ)
pdk;rdk;jc,fvS,f? csKyfudkifNyDqdkvQif rl&if;EdkfifiHom;wdkYonf olYuRefb0a&muf&NyD/ vGwfvyf
ay:ayguf BuD;xGm;vmonfhtcg EdkifiHrsm;pGm vGwfvyfa&; (0g) tcsKyftjcmtmPm
EdkifiHrS obm0o,HZmw? xGufukefypönf;rsm;udk vk,uf0g;rsKdaoG;pkyfonfh e,fcsJUpepf
vkH; olwpfyg;vufatmuf a&mufcJh&onf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; wdkif;&if;om;pkH rsKd;cspfwdkY\
olYuRefrcH-wGef;vSefppfrsm;udk 1824 rS 1900 jynhfvGefESpfrsm;txd qifETJcJhMuonf/
EdkifiHwdkif;onf rlvobm0t& vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHrsm; jzpfMuonf/ urÇmwGif
wuúodkvfjrwfol
yum;? vltiftm;? aiGtiftm;okH;NyD; usL;ausmfwdkufcdkuf? odrf;ydkufpdk;rdk;um? usL;ausmfcH
avmb? a'go? arm[? rme rTefxlaom EdkifiHrsm;onf olwpfyg;EdkifiHudk vufeufpGrf;
EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;? rdrdwdkYydkifqdkifaom tcsKyftjcmtmPm&yfBuD;udk jyefvnf&&Sd ydkifqdkif
wdkuf,l&mürl umv&SnfMumwwfavonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap e,fcsJUvuf0,frS rdrdwdkY
e,fcsJUwdkY usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufuRefjyK? zdESdyf? aoG;pkyfcHcJhMu&&m 1885 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHwpfck
,if;EdkifiHonf
aom rsKd;cspfjynfcspfrsm;u aoG;pnf;nDñGwfMuNyD;? rdrdwdkYqkH;½IH;ae&aom tcsKyftjcm
uRefjyK? zdESdyf? aoG;pkwfcHEdkifiHrsm;wGif&Sdaom udk,fEdkifiH? udk,fhvlrsKd;udk cspfjrwfEdk;
tmPm(vGwfvyfa&;)udk toufaoG;acR;&if;NyD; jyefvnfwdkuf,lMuonf/ ,if;odkY
jynfolwdkY\
tmPmudkvnf;
NrdKUjyEdkifiHrsm;wGif
jyefvnf&&SdcJhonf/
EdkifiHwnf armfuGef;rsm;
EdkifiHwGif&SdorQaom
usifhokH;Muayonf/
tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdí
&GufcGifhwnf;[laom
touf
Oya'jyKcGifhtmPm jzpfonf/
20
ta&;t&mrsm;udk
xdkYaMumifh
Mum&SnfrcH
usifhokH;EdkifMuayonf/
jynfhNyD;onfh
Oya'ESifhtnD
o,HZmwxGufukefypönf;
&Sif;&Sif;pmay
tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudkvnf;
(3) w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPm Judieial power
(1) Oya'jyKa&;tmPm Legislative power
rl&if;EdkifiHom;rsm;u
EdkifiHom;
ponfh
(2) tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm Administrative power
a<uavsmoGm;cJhonf/
cufrokH;jzm&Sdaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ ,if;wdkYum; -
pDrHcefYcGJaeaom
trsKd;om;rsm;
"eOpömrsm;udk
vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHrS
&ufaeYwGif jrefrmwdkY tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnf;[laom arG;&mydkifvGwfvyfcGifhBuD;udk
ydkifqdkifayonf/ jynfolYtusKd;jyK&ef jy|mef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;?
udk,fhMur®mudk,fvGwfvyfpGm
jynfolrsm;
qkH;jzwf? pDrHaqmif&Gufaom wdkuf½dkuf'Drdkua&pDpepf ay:cJhzl;ayonf/ ,if;pepfrSmyif
Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;u qdkMuonf/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmMunfhaomtcg
tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufaprnfh Oya'rsm; ponfh jynfolwpf&yfvkH;udk tusKd;jyKrnfh
t0if jynfolwpf&yfvkH; vkHNcHK? at;csrf;? wnfNidrfaprnfh Oya'rsm;? rdrdwdkY pm;0wfaea&;
,aeY vlOD;a& oef;aygif; &m? axmifcsD&Sdaeonfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif touf 18 ESpf
wdkYjzpfonf/ vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHom;wdkif; rdrdwdkYEdkifiH? rdrdwdkYb0? rdom;pktyg
vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;olrsm;udk axmifcs? BudK;pifwif uGyfrsufaom w&m;pD&ifa&;udkom
EdkifiHawmf wnfNidrfat;csrf;? vkHNcHK? vGwfvyf? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufap&ef pDrHaqmif
oif;wdkYyif vk,ludkifwG,fum zdESdyfa&;,EÅ&m;tjzpf tokH;jyKayrnf/ w&m;pD&if&mü
tcsKyftjcmtmPm&yfBuD;onf twdkif;tqr&Sd? us,fajymeuf½Idif;vSonf[k
Oya'rsm;udk rdrdwdkY pdwfwdkif;us? trsm;qE´ESifhtnD Oya'jyKcGifh&SdMuonf/ þonfrSm
11
1900 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;rSonf 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;
orQudk csKd;azmuf usL;vGefolrsm;tm; zrf;qD;? ppfaq; tjypfay;Edkifonfh w&m;pD&ifa&;
,if;e,fcsJUpdk;rdk;olwdkYu olwdkYpdwfBudKuf rl&if;EdkifiHom;rsm;udk zdESdyfn§Of;yef;aom Oya'?
pka0;wdkifyif?
wdkif;wpfyg;om; e,fcsJUorm;vufatmufodkY usa&mufuRefjzpfae NyDqdkvQif?
,cifa&S;acwf (vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 2600 ausmf)u a&mr? pygwm? atoif
zefwD;Edkifonfh tcsKyftjcmtmPm(vGwfvyfa&;)udk jyefvnfwdkuf,lMujcif;jzpfayonf/
wdkif;usKd;jynfjyK aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tm; qefYusif? aESmifh,Suf[efYwm; zsufqD;olrSef
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\
aoG;pkyfxkwf,lEdkifaom Oya'rsm;udkom jy|mef;Muayonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudkvnf;
vGwfvyfpGm
jyef&onftxd pGefYvTwfpGefYpm;BudK;yrf; wdkuf,lcJhMuonf/ 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4
12
&onf/
ykHpHudkom
1988
usifhokH;&jyefonf/
ckESpf
okH;EdkifMuawmhonf/
jyovmMuojzifh 1974 ckESpf?
ta&;tcif;wGif
ygí EdkifiHwnfarmfuGef;[kvnf; qdkEdkifayonf/
&Sif;&Sif;pmay
tajccHOya'vnf; a<uavsm&jyefayonf/
vnf; t&G,fa&mufjynfoltm;vkH; wpfae&mwnf;pka0;NyD; wdkuf½dkufqkH;jzwfEdkifjcif;
wuúodkvfjrwfol
r&Sday/ xdkYaMumifh jynfolUudk,fpm;vS,fpepf (udk,fpm;jyK'Drdkua&pD? oG,f0dkuf'Drdkua&pD)
jynfhNyD; trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;wdkif;? EdkifiHta&;t&mrSm qE´ay;aqmif&GufcGifh&Sdaeaomf
&Gufrnfh vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;udk qE´rJay; a&G;aumufMu&onf/ jynfol
u a&G;aumufwm0efay;cH&aom trwfrsm;onf ygvDrefvTwfawmfrsm;ü pka0;um
jynfolYtwGuf taumif;qkH;Oya'rsm; jyKMu&onf/ pDrHtkyfcsKyfrnfh tpdk;&rsm; zGJUay;&
jynfolxlxku a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJqE´e,ftvdkuf rdrdwdkYudk,fpm; aqmif
1947 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'a&;qGJ jy|mef;
cJhonf/ ,if;tajccHOya'\ aysmhuGuf? [muGufrsm;aMumifh 1962 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmif
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonfh 1948 ckESpfrS pwif vdkufemusifhokH;&rnfh
tjcmtmPm usifhokH;rIqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;? pnf;urf;wdkYudk EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'[k ac:Muayonf/ EdkifiHudk rnfonfhykHpHjzifh wnfaqmufrnf[k jy|mef;csufrsm;
vrf;pOfygwDwpfckwnf;u OD;aqmifonfh wpfygwDpepfudkvnf;aumif; rvdkvm;aMumif;
pNyD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdktcg acwfpepfESifh udkufnDaprnfh
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfpepfudkvnf;aumif;?
qif;&JwGif;rS vGwfuif;aprnfh qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHwnfaqmuf&ef 1962 ckESpf? rwfvrS
pkNydKuGJEdkifonfh zuf'&,f&Spfjynfe,frI vIyf&Sm;rIBuD; ay:aygufcJh&onf/ awmfvSefa&;
umvwGif jrefrmawmfvSefa&;orm;wdkY oEéd|mefcscJhonfh qif;&Jom;jynfoltrsm;pk
pnf;rsOf;? pnf;urf;? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;udk owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;xm;&onf/ ,if;tcsKyf
okH;&yf (0g) tcsKyftjcmtmPm&yfBuD;\ cufrqkH;jzmudk udkifpGJ? usifhokH;Mu&mü wpf
1974 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkqdk&S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJ
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'okH;ck (0g) EdkifiHwnfarmfuGef;okH;apmif a&;qGJcJh&NyD[k qdk&ayrnf/
onf/ w&m;pD&ifrnfh w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfESifh w&m;½kH;tqifhqifhudk xlaxmifay;Mu
jynfolu rJay;a&G;vdkufaom udk,fpm;vS,f(trwf)rsm;onf EdkifiHawmftmPm
ausmif;wpf*gxm? wpf&Gmwpfyk'fqef; rjzpfapbJ wnDwñGwfwnf;jzpfatmif? EdkifiH
EdkifiHom;wdkY\ rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;udk rqefYrusif jznfhqnf;ay;&mü pepfwus&Sdap&ef
,ckaemufqkH; jynfol (92) 'or (48)u axmufcHrJjzifh twnfjyKcJhaom
2008 ckESpf? zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' ay:xGef;vmcJhayonf/ þodkYjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
tusKd;? jynfolwdkY\tusKd;ESifh qE´rsm;? csrSwfxm;csufrsm;rS aoGznfroGm;atmif (xif&m
pdkif;roGm;Edkifatmif) tcsKyftjcmtmPm usifhokH;&mü? EdkifiHawmfudk wnfaqmuf&mü?
