Page 7 - Maukon
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                                                                         1948


                                                 Oya'[kqdk&rnfh EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' (1947)udk pwifa&;qGJcJh&onf/
                                                    pwifusifhokH;&awmhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh tcsKyftjcmtmPmusifhokH;rI pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
                                                                   vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rItwGuf twdwfumvjzpfonfh 1947 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkY
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                                                                                                                 19
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                                                             pwifcif;usif;EdkifcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpf? wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJusif;ycJh&m
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                                                                            yGJ? tvkyform;wdkufyGJ? awmifolv,form; wdkufyGJrsm;rSonf e,fcsJUudkvufeufudkif
                                                                                    1900 jynfhvGefESpfrsm; (olYuRefb0usa&mufNyD; 15 ESpf? ESpf 20 tMum)wGifrS
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                                                                                                                 20
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           1945
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                                                                         aom EdkifiHjzpfonf/ NAdwdoQwdkYu jrefrmEdkifiHudk usL;ausmfppfokH;yGJ (1824? 1852?
                                                                   odrf;ydkufEdkifaom
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                                                                1885 ckESpfrSpí jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; aoG;uGJap&ef aA'Oyg,f(Divide and
                                      wnfaqmufrnf ponfwdkYudk cdkifcdkifrmrm pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;cs&awmhrnfjzpfonf/
                                   NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;uvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHudk tpdwfpdwftjrTmjrTmcGJypfNyD; wpfpdwfwpfydkif;
                                         Pm(vGwfvyfa&;)udk rnfodkYrnfykH ydkif;jcm;cGJa0usifhokH;rnf? EdkifiHawmfudk rnfonhfykHpH
                                                 renf; &ifMum;aph,lcJh&onf/ yifvkHnDvmcHBuD; atmifjrifcJhaomaMumifhom vGwfvyf
                                            vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnfqdkaomtcg jrefrmwdkYjyefvnf&&Sdrnfh tcsKyftjcmtm
                    vkH;wdkY\ vGwfvyfa&;jzpfatmif usm;ukwfusm;cJ BudK;yrf;&onf/ EdkifiHzGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
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                                           OD;btkef;? OD;at;? OD;atmifZHa0? OD;bdk;jr? OD;ausmf&if? OD;A*srf;? OD;bab? OD;odef;armif?
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                                                                                                                 21
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