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computer's main components in a controlled way. After a computer is shut down,
main components such as CPU, RAM modules and HDD are powered down,
although some internal components, such as an internal clock, may retain
power.

Restart
Restart briefly Turns Off the computer and instantly turn the computer on again.
There are many instances in which you may need to restart your computer,
including the installation of new software, Windows updates, or the need to
correct issues with performance.

Standby:
Standby turns (cuts) off power to monitor and hard drive. It is also called the
Sleep Mode. This uses very little power, your PC starts up faster, and you’re
instantly backed to where you left off. You don’t have to worry that you'll lose

your work because Windows automatically saves all your work and turns off the
PC if the battery is too low. Use sleep when you’re going to be away from your
PC for just a little while like when you’re taking a coffee break. For a lot of PCs
(especially laptops and tablets), your PC goes to sleep when you close your lid
or press the power button.

Hibernate: Hibernate is powering down a computer while retaining its state.
Upon hibernation, the computer saves the contents of its RAM to a hard disk.
Upon resumption, the computer is exactly as it was before entering hibernation.

Hibernate uses less power than sleep and when you start up the PC again, you’re
back to where you left off (though not as fast as sleep). Use hibernation when
you know that you won't use your laptop or tablet for an extended period and
won't have an opportunity to charge the battery during that time.

NB:
Standby and Hibernate commands will not be displayed together on
the same dialog box in some older OS like Windows XP.

A Dialog Box is a secondary window that allows users to perform a
command, asks users a question, or provides users with information
or progress feedback.