Page 88 - Technology Roadmap Transportation

TECHNOLOGY VISION 2035

engine technologies used for passenger cars Charge Spark Ignition (Gasoline engines) and
are captured in figure 5.2. It can be noted that Stratified Charge Compression Ignition (Diesel
the passenger car engine technologies have engines). This is a novel engine technology which
completely shifted from carburetion to fuel has potential to substantially lower emissions
injection. Currently, single point and multipoint from IC engines. These engines operate on a
injection (MPFI) technologies are in use. The dilute, premixed charge that reacts and burns
future trend is to move towards Gasoline volumetrically throughout the cylinder as it is
Direct Injection (GDI) technology. Further, compressed by the piston. HCCI incorporates
incorporation of technologies such as Exhaust the best features of both spark ignition (SI)
Gas Recirculation (EGR), CNG-LPG, Multilayer and compression ignition (CI) engines. As in
Catalytic Converters will improve fuel economy an SI engine, the charge is well mixed, which
and reduce emissions. minimizes particulate emissions, and as in a CI
engine, the charge is ignited by compression
For heavy-duty vehicles, diesel engine and has no throttling losses, which lead to high
technologies shifted completely from thermal efficiency.
Indirect Injection (IDI) to Direct Injection
(DI). Further Common Rail Direct Injection Table 5.1 list some of the Powertrain
(CRDI) technology was introduced. The future technologies. The research agenda for IC
trend is a move towards higher pressure engines and transmission system innovation is
CRDI technology. Incorporation of advanced given in table 5.2.
technologies such as EGR, turbo-charging,
multi-valve and after-treatment systems
like Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is inevitable.
Compression Ignition (CI) engines for passenger
cars will move towards CRDI. Technologies
such as thermal management, down-sizing,
advanced after-treatment and hybridization
will be used in future. Modern HCV and LCV
engines require higher specific power and
torque output with faster response, lower
fuel consumption and reduced emissions. The
evolution of CI engine technologies used for
light and heavy commercial vehicles are shown
in figure 5.3.

5.2 FUTURISTIC INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION
INNOVATIONS
Advanced combustion technology such as
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
(HCCI) and Partially Premixed Charge
Compression Ignition (PCCI) are being
considered as alternative combustion concepts
in the IC engines. A state-of-the-art IC engine
concept, HCCI/ PCCI has potential for nearly
zero NO and soot emissions with efficiency
X
equivalent/ higher than CI engines. Due to fuel
flexibility offered by HCCI/ PCCI combustion
concepts, alternative fuels such as primary
alcohols, and biodiesel can be used in these
engines. HCCI combustion has characteristics
of the two most popular forms of combustion
used in IC engines, namely Homogeneous

86 ROADWAYS