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TECHNOLOGY VISION 2035




                               engine technologies used for passenger cars   Charge Spark Ignition (Gasoline engines) and
                               are captured in figure 5.2. It can be noted that   Stratified Charge Compression Ignition (Diesel
                               the passenger car engine technologies have   engines). This is a novel engine technology which
                               completely shifted from carburetion to fuel   has potential to substantially lower emissions
                               injection. Currently, single point and multipoint   from IC engines. These engines operate on a
                               injection (MPFI) technologies are in use. The   dilute, premixed charge that reacts and burns
                               future trend is to move towards Gasoline   volumetrically throughout the cylinder as it is
                               Direct Injection (GDI) technology. Further,    compressed by the piston. HCCI incorporates
                               incorporation of technologies such as Exhaust   the best features of both spark ignition (SI)
                               Gas Recirculation (EGR), CNG-LPG, Multilayer   and compression ignition (CI) engines. As in
                               Catalytic Converters will improve fuel economy   an SI engine, the charge is well mixed, which
                               and reduce emissions.                    minimizes particulate emissions, and as in a CI
                                                                        engine, the charge is ignited by compression
                               For heavy-duty vehicles, diesel engine   and has no throttling losses, which lead to high
                               technologies shifted completely from     thermal efficiency.
                               Indirect Injection (IDI) to Direct Injection
                               (DI). Further Common Rail Direct Injection   Table 5.1 list some of the Powertrain
                               (CRDI) technology was introduced. The future   technologies. The research agenda for IC
                               trend is a move towards higher pressure   engines and transmission system innovation is
                               CRDI technology. Incorporation of advanced   given in table 5.2.
                               technologies such as EGR, turbo-charging,
                               multi-valve and after-treatment systems
                               like Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and
                               Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is inevitable.
                               Compression Ignition (CI) engines for passenger
                               cars will move towards CRDI.  Technologies
                               such as thermal management, down-sizing,
                               advanced after-treatment and hybridization
                               will be used in future. Modern HCV and LCV
                               engines require higher specific power and
                               torque output with faster response, lower
                               fuel consumption and reduced emissions. The
                               evolution of  CI engine technologies used for
                               light and heavy commercial vehicles are shown
                               in figure 5.3.

                               5.2 FUTURISTIC INTERNAL COMBUSTION
                               ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION
                               INNOVATIONS
                               Advanced combustion technology such as
                               Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
                               (HCCI) and Partially Premixed Charge
                               Compression Ignition (PCCI) are being
                               considered as alternative combustion concepts
                               in the IC engines. A state-of-the-art IC engine
                               concept, HCCI/ PCCI has potential for nearly
                               zero NO  and soot emissions with efficiency
                                      X
                               equivalent/ higher than CI engines. Due to fuel
                               flexibility offered by HCCI/ PCCI combustion
                               concepts, alternative fuels such as primary
                               alcohols, and biodiesel can be used in these
                               engines. HCCI combustion has characteristics
                               of the two most popular forms of combustion
                               used in IC engines, namely Homogeneous





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