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resonance over reduced or

Vocal affected area Increased Absent Absent Absent Normal Normal Normal

sounds over None or pleural rub effusion wheeze wheeze early coarse inspiratory by unchanged

Added affected area Crackles None above None Polyphonic Polyphonic and inspiratory crackles late Fine crackles cough

sounds affected reduced or fluid, over bronchial be effusion above greatly or or (normal) expiration (normal)

Breath over area Bronchial Absent Absent may just Absent reduced Vesicular reduced, prolonged expiration Prolonged Vesicular

note
Percussion affected over area Dull Dull dull Stony Hyperresonant Normal Normal Normal

area/side affected area area reduced and reduced and

wall over affected on over affected over affected or prolonged expiration hyperinflation or prolonged expiration hyperinflation reduced bilaterally
Chest movement Reduced Reduced side Reduced Reduced Normal with Normal with Slightly

disease lesion from large very occasionally lesion from pneumothorax

respiratory Mediastinal displacement None Towards None/away if lesion effusion None, away tension if None None None

in
signs (lobar or disease
Chest lobe of obstruction bronchus effusion obstructive fibrosis

Table 3.6 Pathological process Consolidation pneumonia) Collapse lung: major of Pleural Pneumothorax Asthma Chronic pulmonary Pulmonary

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