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amended Criminal Procedure Code mandated that procedures for the use of

EM bail must be included in the Rules of the President of the Supreme Courts,
drafting such rules has proved complex and time-consuming, and for now the

courts have opted for advisory guidelines in the form of a Judicial manual.

Among the recommendations written into the manual is that; courts imposing
EM as bail should reduce the nominal amount of bail to a maximum of 20

percent of the normal amount. Trainings for judges and court officials in the

pilot courts were conducted in January and February before the March 2018

launch.

Thus, from the initial introduction of an authorizing bill in the

legislature in 2015, planning, procurement, training, and implementation
took less than two years. Despite the rapid pace, or perhaps because of it,

actual EM placements were slower than the programûs executives expected or

hoped for. Impatiently, the Office of the Judiciary decided to roll out the
project to all courts of first instance, and campaigned for more courts to join

just a few months into the project. Another 141 courts signed on, bringing

to 164 the number of courts across the country participating. In addition to

expanding the EM project, the executives in the Office of the Judiciary

decided to halt the risk assessment pilot project.

IV. How EM as Bail Operates

The Thai Judiciaryûs process for imposing EM as a bail condition has

some unique features that distinguish it from other similar efforts in Europe
and the United States. Once the accused applies for bail and consents to

wear an EM device, a court officer prepares a bail application and other

necessary documents, and submits them to a judge. Thai law does not

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