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Meteorology
3.8.5.1 Dynamic low pressure .......................................................................... 309
3.8.6 Warm front ............................................................................................... 310
3.8.6.1 Summer warm front ............................................................................. 311
3.8.6.2 Winter warm front ............................................................................... 311
3.8.7 Cold front .................................................................................................. 312
3.8.7.1 Active cold front ................................................................................... 312
3.8.7.2 Passive cold front ................................................................................. 312
3.8.8 Occlusion .................................................................................................. 313
3.8.8.1 Warm occlusion ................................................................................... 313
3.8.8.2 Cold occlusion ...................................................................................... 314
3.9 Flight safety ................................................................................................. 315
3.9.1 Significant weather .................................................................................. 315
3.9.1.1 SIGMET ................................................................................................ 316
3.9.2 Icing formation ........................................................................................ 319
3.9.2.1 Four main types of ice .......................................................................... 320
3.9.2.2 Definition of icing ................................................................................. 322
3.9.2.3 Consequences of icing .......................................................................... 322
3.9.2.4 Planning in case of risk of ice ............................................................... 324
3.9.3 Carburetor icing ...................................................................................... 325
3.9.4 Thunderstorms ........................................................................................ 326
3.9.4.1 Heat thunderstorms ............................................................................. 328
3.9.4.2 Advection thunderstorms .................................................................... 328
3.9.4.3 Orographic thunderstorm .................................................................... 328
3.9.4.4 Warm front thunderstorms ................................................................. 328
3.9.4.5 Cold front thunderstorms .................................................................... 329
3.9.4.6 Squall-line thunderstorms .................................................................... 329
3.9.4.7 Thunderstorm warning ........................................................................ 329
3.9.5 Weather phenomena resulting from thunderstorms ............................. 330
3.9.5.1 Lightning ............................................................................................... 330
3.9.5.2 Hail ....................................................................................................... 330
3.9.5.3 Turbulence in connection with CB clouds ............................................ 331
3.9.5.4 Gust front ............................................................................................. 332
3.9.5.5 Microburst ............................................................................................ 332
3.9.5.6 Mechanical and thermal turbulence in connection with thunderstorm 333
Flight Theory PPL(A)(UL)/LAPL Henning Andersen, Midtjysk Flyveskole© 2025 211
