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Meteorology

Wind squalls are reported in a METAR when the average wind speed increases

by 16 knots or more to 22 knots or more, with a duration of at least 1 minute.

When the wind increases momentarily, it's called a gust.

Wind gusts are reported when the average wind speed increases by 10 knots

or more, with a duration of no more than 1 minute.

Precautions should be taken when landing under conditions where wind gusts

or squalls are present.

One phenomenon we all recognize when flying in the friction layer is

turbulence. This can also pose problems during landing, but it is usually more

of an inconvenience en´route.

3.6.5.1 Indication of cloud amount

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3.6.6 Fog

Fog is a dense collection of water droplets or ice crystals (if it is very cold) in the

air, which occurs when the air’s humidity is so high that it reaches the dew

point.

Fog envelops the observer on the ground and is dense enough to reduce

meteorological visibility to under 1000 meters.

Flight Theory PPL(A)(UL)/LAPL Henning Andersen, Midtjysk Flyveskole© 2025 286