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Wild Turkeys, Quail, Grouse, and Pheasants 147

Outdoor Facilities
Galliformes are often prey for other animals and therefore have a strong stress reaction to the sight
and sound of predators. Seeking cover and hiding is their reaction to fear. Birds do not eat or drink
well when forced to “hide” from predators, even as their metabolism and need for calories increases
with the added stress.
Pens made to raptor specifications work well, offering the birds access to natural sun and rain
and protection from predators (Gibson 1996). A visual barrier installed at least 3 ft. high around the
perimeter of the enclosure will lower stress in captive birds by providing privacy. Galliformes des-
tined to be released to the wild do best in enclosures planted with native plants, berries, apple trees,
and other nontoxic plants to provide cover. The author uses dwarf variety fruit trees to prevent
damage to the netting covering of the pen. A shelter, such as a lean‐to or building, should also be
provided for severe weather and shade protection if needed.
The size of the enclosure will depend on the species of the bird in care. Natural soil is the best
substrate for these species. The enclosure should be freshly tilled at least once per season, or
before young Galliformes are introduced, to prevent infection with parasites and disease left by
previous inhabitants that may be harbored in the soil. If the substrate of the enclosure is pea
gravel or other material it should be sanitized. Cover the substrate with several inches of natural
litter (leaves, decaying bark, and soil) from a forest floor in the region. Leaf litter is a natural
habitat and will give young birds an opportunity to exercise normal foraging behaviors. Sand in
one area of the pen is beneficial. Galliformes use sand or light soil as a grooming aid and as grit
for digestion.
The size of the pre‐release enclosure will depend on the species of bird in care. The enclosure
size of 30 × 30 × 10 ft. (9 × 9 × 3 m) will accommodate 5–10 young grouse until release. Crowding
increases stress and opportunities for disease. Natural logs, some hollow to provide shelter, are
useful and will help birds become accustomed to “wild habitat” prior to release.
It is natural for Galliformes to live with a parent, usually the hen, until they are fully feath-
ered – sometimes through the fall of their first year (Figure 8.4). Some adults, such as males and
juveniles approaching adult status, are often not compatible. Many species are territorial and will
be aggressive to others in the group. Watch for signs of this behavior and separate those individuals

Figure 8.4 Young wild turkeys with an adult. Source: photo courtesy of Al Scherwinski.