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dal bone collapse and maintain axial alignment until 10. Caston SS, Reinertson EL, Kersh KK. How to make, place and
bones are fully ossified. This usually involves minimizing remove transphyseal staples. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract
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VetBooks.ir they have time to ossify completely. Confinement, sleeve 11. Colles CM. How to aid the correction of angular limb deformities
compressive (weight‐bearing) forces on the bones until
in foals using physeal stimulation. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract
casts, bandages alone, bandage casts, or bandages and
2008;54:60–63.
splints may be used, depending on the severity. 6,24,32 12. Dutton DM, Watkins JP, Walker MA, et al. Incomplete ossification
However, bilateral sleeve casts or bandages can be diffi of the tarsal bones in foals: 22 cases (1988–1996). J Am Vet Med
Assoc 1998;213:1590–1594.
cult to manage in newborn foals, and the foals may have 13. Dutton DM, Watkins JP, Honnas CM, et al. Treatment response
difficulty getting up and down. The decision whether to and athletic outcome of foals with tarsal valgus deformities: 39
use external coaptation is made on a case‐by‐case basis. cases (1988–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1481–1484.
In addition, it is important to remember that the more 14. Frost HM. Structural adaptations to mechanical usage: a proposed
rigid the coaptation used, the more lax the ligamentous three way rule for bone remodeling. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol
1988;2:80–85.
structures will become in newborn foals. Therefore, the 15. Gaughan EM. Angular limb deformities in horses. Comp Cont
type of coaptation and amount of exercise should be Educ Pract Vet 1998;20:944–946.
reassessed on a weekly basis via the use of serial radio 16. Greet TRC. Managing flexural and angular limb deformities: the
graphs to monitor the progression of ossification. If Newmarket perspective. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 2000;
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cuboidal bone collapse has already occurred, any form of 17. Hueter C, Volkman R. Previous opinions concerning the reasons
treatment is unlikely to be of benefit and abnormalities for the shape of bones. In The Law of Bone Remodeling. Wolf J,
within the joints are inevitable. ed. Verlag, Berlin, 1982;76–83.
18. Hunt RJ. Angular limb deviations. In Current Techniques in
Equine Surgery and Lameness. White NA, Moore JN, eds. WB
Saunders, Philadelphia, 1998;323–326.
19. Hunt RJ. Management of angular limb deformities. Proc Am
PROGNOSIS Assoc Equine Pract 2000;46:128–129.
20. Kay AT, Hunt RJ, Thorpe PE, et al. Single screw transphyseal
Foals that can be managed successfully to prevent bridging for correction of forelimb angular limb deviation. Proc
cuboidal bone collapse can do well. Foals with only Am Assoc Equine Pract 2005;51:306–308.
minor tarsal bone collapse (type I) were able to perform 21. McIlwraith CW, James LF. Limb deformities in foals associated
as intended, whereas foals with more severe tarsal bone with ingestion of locoweed by mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc
1982;181:255–258.
collapse and fragmentation (type II) could not be used 22. Mitton LA, Bertone AL. Angular limb deformities in foals. J Am
for their intended purposes. No study has looked at Vet Med Assoc 1994;204:717–720.
12
the prognosis of foals with carpal bone collapse, but it is 23. Mitton LA, Bramlage LR, Embertson RM. Racing performance
logical to assume that these foals have a more guarded after hemicircumferential transaction for angular limb deformities
in Thoroughbreds: 199 cases (1987–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc
prognosis than those with tarsal bone collapse. 1995;207:746–750.
24. Orsini JA, Kreuder C. Musculoskeletal disorders of the neonate.
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25. Read EK, Read MR, Townsend HG, et al. Effect of hemi‐
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