Page 1092 - Adams and Stashak's Lameness in Horses, 7th Edition
P. 1092

1058   Chapter 10


            dal bone collapse and maintain axial alignment until   10.  Caston SS, Reinertson EL, Kersh KK. How to make, place and
            bones are fully ossified. This usually involves minimizing   remove  transphyseal  staples.  Proc  Am  Assoc  Equine  Pract
                                                                  2007;53:415–419.
  VetBooks.ir  they have time to ossify completely. Confinement, sleeve   11.  Colles CM. How to aid the correction of angular limb deformities
            compressive (weight‐bearing) forces on the bones until
                                                                  in foals using physeal stimulation. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract
            casts, bandages alone, bandage casts, or bandages and
                                                                  2008;54:60–63.
            splints may be used, depending on the severity. 6,24,32    12.  Dutton DM, Watkins JP, Walker MA, et al. Incomplete ossification
            However, bilateral sleeve casts or bandages can be diffi­  of the tarsal bones in foals: 22 cases (1988–1996). J Am Vet Med
                                                                  Assoc 1998;213:1590–1594.
            cult to manage in newborn foals, and the foals may have   13.  Dutton DM, Watkins JP, Honnas CM, et al. Treatment response
            difficulty getting up and down. The decision whether to   and athletic outcome of foals with tarsal valgus deformities: 39
            use external coaptation is made on a case‐by‐case basis.   cases (1988–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1481–1484.
            In addition, it is important to remember that the more   14.  Frost HM. Structural adaptations to mechanical usage: a proposed
            rigid the coaptation used, the more lax the ligamentous   three way rule for bone remodeling. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol
                                                                  1988;2:80–85.
            structures will become in newborn foals. Therefore, the   15.  Gaughan EM. Angular limb deformities in horses. Comp Cont
            type of coaptation and amount of exercise should be   Educ Pract Vet 1998;20:944–946.
            reassessed on a weekly basis via the use of serial radio­  16.  Greet TRC. Managing flexural and angular limb deformities: the
            graphs to monitor the progression of ossification. If   Newmarket  perspective. Proc  Am  Assoc  Equine Pract 2000;
                                                                  46:130–136.
            cuboidal bone collapse has already occurred, any form of   17.  Hueter C, Volkman R. Previous opinions concerning the reasons
            treatment is unlikely to be of benefit and abnormalities   for the shape of bones. In The Law of Bone Remodeling. Wolf J,
            within the joints are inevitable.                     ed. Verlag, Berlin, 1982;76–83.
                                                               18.  Hunt RJ.  Angular limb deviations. In Current  Techniques in
                                                                  Equine Surgery and Lameness. White NA, Moore JN, eds. WB
                                                                  Saunders, Philadelphia, 1998;323–326.
                                                               19.  Hunt RJ. Management of angular limb deformities. Proc  Am
            PROGNOSIS                                             Assoc Equine Pract 2000;46:128–129.
                                                               20.  Kay  AT, Hunt RJ,  Thorpe PE, et  al. Single screw transphyseal
              Foals that can be managed successfully to prevent   bridging for correction of forelimb angular limb deviation. Proc
            cuboidal bone collapse can do well. Foals with only   Am Assoc Equine Pract 2005;51:306–308.
            minor tarsal bone collapse (type I) were able to perform   21.  McIlwraith CW, James LF. Limb deformities in foals associated
            as intended, whereas foals with more severe tarsal bone   with ingestion of locoweed by mares. J  Am  Vet Med  Assoc
                                                                  1982;181:255–258.
            collapse and fragmentation (type II) could not be used   22.  Mitton LA, Bertone AL. Angular limb deformities in foals. J Am
            for their intended purposes.  No study has looked at   Vet Med Assoc 1994;204:717–720.
                                     12
            the prognosis of foals with carpal bone collapse, but it is   23.  Mitton LA, Bramlage LR, Embertson RM. Racing performance
            logical to assume that these foals have a more guarded   after hemicircumferential transaction for angular limb deformities
                                                                  in Thoroughbreds: 199 cases (1987–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc
            prognosis than those with tarsal bone collapse.       1995;207:746–750.
                                                               24.  Orsini JA, Kreuder C. Musculoskeletal disorders of the neonate.
                                                                  Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1994;10:137–166.
                                                               25.  Read EK, Read MR,  Townsend HG, et  al. Effect of hemi‐
            References                                            circumferential periosteal transaction and elevation in foals with
                                                                  experimentally induced angular limb deformities. J Am Vet Med
             1.  Adams R, Poulos P.  A skeletal ossification index for neonatal   Assoc 2002;221:536–540.
               foals. Vet Radiol 1988;29:217–220.              26.  Robert C, Valette JP, Denoix JM. Longitudinal development of
             2.  Anderson  TA,  McIlwraith  CW. Longitudinal development  of   equine forelimb conformation from birth to weaning in three dif­
               equine conformation from weanling to 3 years in the   ferent horse breeds. Vet J 2013;198:75–80.
               Thoroughbred. Equine Vet J 2004;36:563–570.     27.  Ruohoniemi M, Hilden L, Salo L, et al. Monitoring the progression
             3.  Anderson TA, McIlwraith CW, Douay P. The role of conformation   of tarsal ossification and radiography in three immature foals. Vet
               in musculoskeletal problems in racing Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet   Radiol Ultrasound 1995;36:402–410.
               J 2004;36:571–575.                              28.  Santschi EM, Leibsle SR, Morehead JP, et al. Carpal and fetlock
             4.  Auer JA. Angular limb deformities. In Equine Surgery, 3rd ed.   conformation of the juvenile Thoroughbred from birth to yearling
               Auer JA, Stick JA, eds. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2006;1130–1149.  auction age. Equine Vet J 2006;38:604–609.
             5.  Auer JA, Martens RJ. Periosteal transection and periosteal strip­  29.  Slone DE, Roberts CT, Hughes FE. Restricted exercise and
               ping for correction of angular limb deformities in foals. Am J Vet   transphyseal bridging for correction of angular limb deformities.
               Res 1982;43:1530.                                  Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 2000;46:126–127.
             6.  Baxter GM, Turner AS. Diseases of bone and related structures. In   30.  True Baker W, Slone D, Lynch T, et al. Racing and sales perfor­
               Adams’ Lameness in Horses, 5th ed. Stashak TS, ed. Lippincott   mance after unilateral and bilateral single transphyseal screw
               Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2002;401–457.  insertion for varus angular limb deformities of the carpus in 53
             7.  Baxter GM, Dechant JE, Southwood LL. Diagnosis of distal tarsal   Thoroughbreds. Vet Surg 2011;40:124–128.
               osteoarthritis in horses. Comp Cont Educ Pract  Vet 2003;   31.  True Baker W, Slone DE, Ramos JA, et al. Improvement in bilateral
               25:138–147.                                        carpal valgus deviation in 9 foals after unilateral distolateral radial
             8.  Bramlage LR. Traumatic and developmental lesions of the tarsus.   periosteal transection and elevation. Vet Surg 2015;44:547–550.
               Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 2006;52:1–4.         32.  Trumble  TN. Orthopedic disorders in neonatal foals.  Vet Clin
             9.  Carlson ER, Bramlage LR, Stewart AA, et al. Complications after   North Am Equine Pract 2005;21:357–385.
               two transphyseal bridging techniques for treatment of angular   33.  Witte  S, Thorpe  PE,  Hunt  RJ,  et  al. A  lag‐screw  technique  for
               limb deformities of the distal radius in 568 Thoroughbred year­  bridging of the medial aspect of the distal tibial physis in horses.
               lings. Equine Vet J 2012;44:416–419.               J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:1581–1583.
   1087   1088   1089   1090   1091   1092   1093   1094   1095   1096   1097