Page 2539 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

Pulmonary Markings Pulse Abnormalities 1275

Pulmonary Markings
VetBooks.ir Bronchial Pattern Hazy and Unstructured, Localized

Allergic airway disease
Chronic bronchitis (irritant, bacterial, parasitic) Hemorrhage
PTE
Calcification Foreign body
Peribronchial cuffing (edema, bronchopneumonia, eosinophilic Partial atelectasis
bronchopneumopathy) Transitional stages of disease, such as edema, bronchopneumonia,
Interstitial Pattern hemorrhage, or parasites
Nodular Alveolar Pattern
Neoplasia Diffuse
Granuloma (eosinophilic, fungal, parasitic- or heartworm-associated, foreign Edema (cardiogenic or noncardiogenic)
body) Bronchopneumonia
Bulla with fluid Hemorrhage
Hematoma, abscess, cyst Smoke inhalation
Mucus-filled bronchus Near-drowning incident
Bronchiectasis ARDS
Hazy and Unstructured, Diffuse Localized
Artifact (underexposure, obesity, end-expiratory film) Edema
Poor ventilation Bronchopneumonia
Degenerative changes Hemorrhage
Neoplasia (lymphoma, metastasis) Thromboembolism
Pneumonitis (toxic, inhalant, metabolic, viral, parasitic) Primary lung tumor or metastasis
ARDS Lobar collapse or atelectasis
Cardiogenic edema Heartworm disease
Transitional stages of disease, such as edema, hemorrhage, Infarct
bronchopneumonia Differentials, Lists, and Mnemonics
ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome; PTE, pulmonary thromboembolism.
Modified from Ettinger S, Feldman E: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Saunders.

Pulse Abnormalities

Differential Diagnosis Item Causes
Hyperkinetic pulse Increased sympathetic tone
Anemia
Aortic insufficiency
Patent ductus arteriosus
Bradyarrhythmias
Hyperthyroidism
Pregnancy
Aorticopulmonary window
Arteriovenous fistulae/anastomoses
Hypokinetic pulse Hypovolemia
Reduced systolic function
Aortic/subaortic stenosis
Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
Decrease in pulse volume with inspiration Pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade
Exaggerated variation in intrapleural pressure (airway obstruction)
Pulse deficits Atrial fibrillation
Atrial/supraventricular premature complexes
Ventricular premature complexes
Pulsus alternans (alternating normal pulse and pulse deficits with myocardial failure)
Irregular pulse rhythm Atrial fibrillation (rapid)
Atrial/supraventricular premature complexes (rapid)
Ventricular premature complexes (rapid)
Sinus arrhythmia (slow)
Second-degree atrioventricular block (slow)
Regional pulse variation Arterial thromboembolism

Reproduced from the third edition in unabridged form.
THIRD EDITION AUTHOR: Virginia Luis Fuentes, MA, VetMB, PhD, DVC, DACVIM, DECVIM

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