Page 1157 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

CHAPTER 64 Encephalitis, Myelitis, and Meningitis 1129

cases. Short-term treatment with corticosteroids may also Cizinauskas S, Jaggy A, Tipold A. Long-term treatment of dogs with
be warranted. Dramatic clinical improvement should be steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: clinical, laboratory and
VetBooks.ir expected within 24 to 48 hours of initiating treatment. The Crookshanks JL, et al. Treatment of canine pediatric Neospora
therapeutic results. J Small Anim Pract. 2000;41:295.
presence of neurologic signs may slow recovery, and in some
caninum myositis following immunohistochemical identification
cases the neurologic damage is irreversible (see Chapter 97
for more information on rickettsial diseases). of tachyzoites in muscle biopsies. Can Vet J. 2007;48:506.
Dubey JP, Lappin MR. Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. In: Greene
PARASITIC MENINGITIS, MYELITIS, CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. St Louis:
Elsevier; 2006.
AND ENCEPHALITIS Greene CE, Appel MJ. Canine distemper. In: Greene CE, ed. Infec-
Meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by aberrant tious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. St Louis: Elsevier; 2006.
parasite migration have been reported in the dog and cat. In Greene CE, Rupprecht CE. Rabies and other Lyssavirus infections.
these diseases, migration and growth of parasites can result In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed.
in extensive damage to the neural parenchyma. An eosino- St Louis: Elsevier; 2006.
philic CSF pleocytosis should prompt consideration of para- Higginbotham MJ, Kent M, Glass EN. Noninfectious inflammatory
sitic migration through the CNS, although several more central nervous system diseases in dogs. Compend Contin Educ
Vet. 2007;29:488.
common neurologic disorders should also be considered, Kent M. Bacterial infections of the central nervous system. In:
including intracranial neoplasia, toxoplasmosis, neosporo- Greene CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. St
sis, GME, and idiopathic EME. Diagnostic evaluation of Louis: Elsevier; 2006.
animals with eosinophilic CSF should include a fundic Lowrie M, et al. Steroid responsive meningitis arteritis: a prospec-
examination, CBC, serum biochemistry profile, urinalysis, tive study of potential disease markers, prednisolone treatment,
serum and CSF titers for Toxoplasma and Neospora, thoracic and long-term outcome in 20 dogs (2006-8). J Vet Intern Med.
and abdominal radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, fecal 2009;23:862.
flotation, and heartworm antigen testing. CT and MRI may Munana KR. Head tilt and nystagmus. In: Platt SR, Olby NJ, eds.
document necrosis along the path of parasite migration BSAVA manual of canine and feline neurology. Gloucester:
within the CNS. Definitive diagnosis of parasitic CNS disease BSAVA; 2004.
requires pathologic demonstration of the parasite in the Radaelli ST, Platt SR. Bacterial meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs:
CNS. Empirical treatment with ivermectin should be consid- a retrospective study of 23 cases (1990-1999). J Vet Intern Med.
2002;16:159.
ered if parasite migration is likely (200-300 µg/kg PO or SC Syke JE, et al. Clinical signs, imaging features, neuropathology, and
every 2 weeks for 3 treatments). Antiinflammatory treatment outcome in cats and dogs with central nervous system cryptococ-
with prednisone may also be indicated. cosis from California. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24:1427.
Talarico LR, Schatzberg SJ. Idiopathic granulomatous and necrotiz-
ing inflammatory disorders of the canine nervous system: a
Suggested Readings review and future perspectives. J Small Anim Pract. 2009;51:138.
Adamo PF, Adams WM, Steinberg H. Granulomatous meningoen- Windsor RC, et al. Cerebrospinal eosinophilia in dogs. J Vet Intern
cephalitis in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2007;29:679. Med. 2009;23:275.