Page 183 - BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice

BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice

VetBooks.ir Drug Notes* Dose Author
range in
recommendations
and guidance
literature*
NSAIDs continued
Carprofen • uch work is needed to determine appropriate 1 4 mg kg 4h
doses, dosing routes, and dosing fre uency of mg kg Use with caution as
carprofen in birds there are very limited
• 1 mg kg improved the speed and walking ability of data
lame chickens but another study showed mg kg
i.m. was needed for analgesia
• mg kg i.m. 1 h was e ective initially but the action
was very short lived
lunixin • Used at a wide variety of doses in several avian . Not recommended due
species but reports in many species associated with mg kg i.m. to potential renal e ects
glomerular lesions even at low doses
Local anaesthetics
Lidocaine • Use formulation without adrenaline . 1 mg kg perineurally
• ide ranges used up to 1 mg kg but not always mg kg Use with caution to avoid
shown to be e ective overdose and toxicity
• Empirical dosing generally accepted to be mg kg
Bupi • Used with caution in birds due to its longer duration 8 mg kg perineurally
vacaine of action and potential for toxic e ects to take longer mg kg Use with caution to avoid
to resolve overdose and toxicity
• Potential for delayed toxicity at 6 and 1 hours
Other
abapentin • Precise mechanism of action unknown 1 mg kg Never been used by this
• Considered synergistic with other drugs orally 1 h author
• Stepwise increases in dose thought to be re uired Refer to literature dose
ietary • No studies have been conducted in birds evaluating Unknown ose empirically based
supplements e cacy on other species
• lucosamine, chondroitin and Boswelia extract may ost oint supplements
be bene cial in the treatment of osteoarthritis have a wide safety
through their anti in ammatory e ects margin so safe to use,
• Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans PS A s have even if e cacy in birds is
been used anecdotally but fatal coagulopathies in unproven
di erent avian species have been reported Avoid PS A s in birds
Physical • Application of ad unctive therapy should be hese methods are
therapy considered for acute and chronic pain, but there is no worth trying if available
evidence of e cacy in birds to date and the owner is able to
• hermotherapy and lasers may diminish pain carry them out without
decrease indicators of neuropathic pain causing increased stress
• Anecdotal reports of e cacy of acupuncture to the bird
• Cold and or heat therapy has been shown to be
e ective in other species
• Photobiomodulation therapy coid laser

continued Analgesia drugs used in birds. Information referenced from awkins et al., 16.
3 CRI continuous rate infusion; AC mean anaesthetic concentration; NSAI non steroidal anti
in ammatory drug; P pharmacodynamic; P pharmacokinetic.

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