Page 184 - BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice

7 | Pain in birds

VetBooks.ir should not be used concurrently. Selection is References and further
often determined by ease of administration e.g.
reading
in ection at the time of surgery followed by oral
medication during the recovery period . P and Brenner , Larsen RS, ickinson P et al. 1 evelopment
P studies are also lacking across multiple of an avian brachial plexus nerve block techni ue for
species and allometric scaling is shown to be perioperative analgesia in mallard ducks Anas platyrhynchos .
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 24, 4 4
ine ective at predicting an accurate dose for Concannon , odam R and ellyer P 199 In uence
di erent bird species. he most common of a mu and kappa opioid agonist on iso urane minimal
problem with NSAI s in birds is an adverse anesthetic concentration in chickens. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 56, 8 6 811
e ect on renal tissue and function, as awkins and Paul urphy 11 Avian Analgesia.
manifested by the deaths of vultures in Asia Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animals 14, 61 8
which led to the banning of diclofenac in hoof awkins , Paul urphy and u man S 16
stock aks et al., 4; eteyer et al., ; Recognition, assessment, and management of pain in birds. In
Naidoo and Swan, 8 . Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surgery, ed. B Speer, pp.
616 6 . Elsevier, issouri
Regional anaesthesia and ughes RA 199 Strain dependent morphine induced
analgesic and hyperalgesic e ects on thermal nociception
analgesia in domestic fowl Gallus gallus . Behavioral Neuroscience 104,
619 6 4
here used, local line blocks or splash blocks ansour A, hachaturian , Lewis E, Akil and atson
are most common, although the thin S 1988 Anatomy of CNS opioid receptors. Trends in
Neuroscience 11, 8 14
subcutaneous space in most avian species athonnet , Lalloue , anty E, Comte I and Li vre CA 1
makes accurate placement a challenge. Cyclo oxygenase tissue distribution and developmental
Regional blocks such as a brachial plexus pattern of expression in the chicken. Clinical and Experimental
block have not been shown to be particularly Pharmacology and Physiology 28, 4 4
e ective Brenner et al., 1 . Systemic uptake eteyer CU, Rideout BA, ilbert , Shivaprasad L and
aks L Pathology and proposed pathophysiology
of the local anaesthetics can be rapid in birds, of diclofenac poisoning in free living and experimentally
and metabolism can be prolonged, leading to exposed oriental white backed vultures Gyps bengalensis .
increased risk of toxicity. his risk, and lack of Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41, 7 7 716
proven e cacy in some studies, makes local Naidoo V and Swan E 8 iclofenac toxicity in Gyps
vulture is associated with decreased uri c acid excretion and
anaesthesia controversial and more research is not renal portal vasoconstriction. Comparative Biochemistry
re uired. oxic e ects reported in birds include and Physiology Part C Toxicology and Pharmacology 149,
69 74
ne tremors, ataxia, recumbency, sei ures, aks L, ilbert , Virani et al. 4 iclofenac residues
cardiovascular e ects and death. or smaller as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature
birds, dilution may be re uired to produce a 427, 6 6
useful volume for the block but it is unknown Papich 8 An update on nonsteroidal anti
if dilution alters the action of the drug or in ammatory drugs NSAI s in small animals. Veterinary
Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 38, 1 4 1 66
reduces the tissue concentration below
e ective levels. Local anaesthetics in the form Useful websites
of transdermal patches and creams, epidural
infusions, spinal blocks, and intravenous blocks he Veterinary edicines irectorate Cascade
https www.gov.uk guidance the cascade prescribing
have not been reported. unauthorised medicines

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