Page 1516 - Veterinary Immunology, 10th Edition

macrophages and enhances macrophage production of the
VetBooks.ir proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. It has

significant antiviral activity.

Interleukin-33 A proinflammatory member of the IL-1 family that
is found within the cell nucleus. It is secreted by epithelial and

endothelial cells as well as released by injured cells. (It thus
functions as an alarmin.) Its targets include Th2 cells, ILC2 cells,
basophils, and mast cells. It drives production of IL-4, IL-5, and

IL-13 by Th2 cells, ILC2 cells, and mast cells. IL-33 plays a major
role in antihelminth immunity (Chapter 28).

Interleukin-34 Expressed in many different tissues: spleen, liver,
heart, brain, lung, etc. It is a growth factor that acts through the
macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor to promote

monocyte maturation and macrophage colony formation in the
bone marrow.

Interleukin-35 Produced by B cells. It is a heterodimer consisting of
IL-12p35 and a peptide related to IL-12p40. It stimulates the

growth of Treg cells while suppressing Th17 cells. It thus has
antiinflammatory effects and regulates immune responses in
infectious and autoimmune diseases.

Interleukin-36 A family of three IL-1–like cytokines (IL-36α, -36β,
and -36γ) that signal through a common receptor. They are

highly expressed in epithelial tissues and macrophages in
response to bacteria or bacterial products. They act on
keratinocytes and immune cells to trigger inflammation. It thus is
implicated in skin and pulmonary diseases.

Interleukin-37 An antiinflammatory member of the IL-1 family
produced by monocytes and dendritic cells. It acts by
suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines such
as IL-17 by inhibiting NF-κB and some protein kinases such as
mTOR.

Interleukin-38 Also a member of the IL-1 family. It binds to the IL-

36 receptor and acts as a receptor antagonist.

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